Structural Performance Evaluation of 90 RC Buildings Collapsed during the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 29, Issue 6
Abstract
The structural performance evaluation is presented of 90 reinforced concrete (RC) buildings that collapsed during the October 23 (Erciş) and November 9 (Edremit), 2011, earthquakes in Van, Turkey. A total of 35,000 buildings are damaged or collapsed in the city center and surrounding villages after the Erciş and Edremit earthquakes. Almost all the RC buildings are affected in the region. To evaluate the structural performance of the collapsed buildings, the buildings are evaluated according to structural system properties, specification properties, material properties (concrete and reinforcement steel properties), and soil properties. The results showed that a large proportion of nonengineering RC buildings completely collapsed or were damaged heavily. Most of the RC buildings in the affected area are not designed and constructed in accordance with Turkish code. Also, it was found that 26% of the buildings do not have a building license, 66% of the buildings’ ground floors were used as a commercial or retail space, 36% of the buildings lacked any structural design, 57% of the buildings were not constructed in accordance with their structural drawings, 74% of the structural drawings did not have any detail drawings and beam/column confined zones, the concrete used in many buildings did not have adequate compressive strength, aggregate dimensions were larger than the maximum aggregate diameter for concrete, 60% of the buildings were constructed with unribbed reinforcement steel, and the majority of the buildings (85%) did not have any geotechnical report.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to Mevlüt Pehlivan and Rahmi Şahin, Director and Vice-Director of the 17th Region (Van) of General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, for supplying technical and logistical support during field investigations.
References
Adanur, S. (2010). “Performance of masonry buildings during the 20 and 27 December 2007 Bala (Ankara) earthquakes in Turkey.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10(12), 2547–2556.
AFAD. (2011). “Earthquake department of the disaster and emergency management presidency.” Ankara, Turkey, 〈http://www.afad.gov.tr/〉 (May 5, 2013).
Ates, S., Kahya, V., Yurdakul, M., and Adanur, S. (2013). “Damages on reinforced concrete buildings due to consecutive earthquakes in Van.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 53, 109–118.
Baran, E., Mertol, H. C., and Gunes, B. (2012). “Damage in reinforced concrete buildings during October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van, Turkey earthquakes.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 466–479.
Bayraktar, A., Altunışık, A. C., and Muvafık, M. (2013a). “Field investigation on the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van earthquakes in Turkey.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., (Aug. 8, 2012).
Bayraktar, A., Altunışık, A. C., and Pehlivan, M. (2013b). “Performance and damages of reinforced concrete buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 53, 49–72.
Bayraktar, A., Coşkun, N., and Yalçın, A. (2007a). “Performance of masonry stone buildings during the March 25 and 28, 2004 Aşkale (Erzurum) earthquakes in Turkey.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 432–440.
Bayraktar, A., Coşkun, N., and Yalçın, A. (2007b). “Damages of masonry buildings during the July 2, 2004 Doğubayazıt (Ağrı) earthquake in Turkey.” Eng. Fail. Anal., 14(1), 147–157.
Celep, Z., Erken, A., Taşkın, B., and İlki, A. (2011). “Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010 Kovancılar and Palu (Elazığ) earthquakes in Turkey.” Eng. Fail. Anal., 18(3), 868–889.
Doğangün, A. (2004). “Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl earthquake in Turkey.” Eng. Struct., 26(6), 841–856.
Earthquake Engineering Research Center (EERC). (2011). “Processed mainshock accelerometric recordings of the 23 October 2011 Van earthquake.”, Middle East Technical Univ., Ankara, Turkey.
Erdik, M., Kamer, Y., Demircioğlu, M., and Şeşetyan, K. (2012). “23 October 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake.” Nat. Hazards, 64(1), 651–665.
General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Earthquake Research Department of Turkey (GDDAERD). (2011). “Van earthquake report.” Ankara, Turkey, 〈http://www.deprem.gov.tr〉 (May 10, 2013).
Guney, D. (2012). “Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12(11), 3337–3342.
Kandilli Observatory, and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). (2011). “Preliminary report, The November 09, 2011 Edremit-Van, Turkey earthquake ().” Dept. of Earthquake Engineering, Bogazici Univ., Istanbul, Turkey.
Mondal, G., and Rai, D. C. (2008). “Performance of harbour structures in Andaman Islands during 2004 Sumatra earthquake.” Eng. Struct., 30(1), 174–182.
Sezen, H., Whittaker, A. S., Elwood, K. J., and Mosalam, K. M. (2003). “Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey.” Eng. Struct., 25(1), 103–114.
Turkish Earthquake Resistant Design Code (TERDC). (1975). “Specifications for structures to be built in disaster areas.” Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Earthquake Research Dept., Ankara, Turkey.
Turkish Earthquake Resistant Design Code (TERDC). (1997). “Specifications for structures to be built in disaster areas.” Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Earthquake Research Dept., Ankara, Turkey.
Turkish Earthquake Resistant Design Code (TERDC). (2007). “Specifications for structures to be built in disaster areas.” Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Earthquake Research Dept., Ankara, Turkey.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). (2011). “Earthquake hazards program.” 〈http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/〉 (May 10, 2013).
Watanabe, E., Suglura, K., Nagata, K., and Kitane, Y. (1998). “Performances and damages to steel structures during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake.” Eng. Struct., 20(4–6), 282–290.
Zhao, B., Taucer, F., and Rossetto, T. (2009). “Field investigation on the performance of building structures during the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.” Eng. Struct., 31(8), 1707–1723.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 15, 2013
Accepted: Oct 14, 2013
Published online: Oct 16, 2013
Discussion open until: Mar 6, 2015
Published in print: Dec 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.