Shear Strength Prediction of Slender Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Rebar Using Data-Driven Machine Learning Algorithms
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27, Issue 2
Abstract
Estimating the shear strength of a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)–reinforced-concrete (RC) beam is a complex task that depends on multiple design variables. The use of FRP bars has emerged as a promising alternative to diminish the corrosion problems that are associated with steel reinforcement in adverse environments; however, an accurate and reliable method of shear strength prediction is needed to ensure the economical use of materials and robust designs. Several optimized design equations are available in the literature; however, when utilizing these equations a substantial difference is observed between the predicted outcome (Vpred) and the experimental shear strength (Vexp) result. Therefore, this paper presented a novel approach toward implementing machine learning (ML) algorithms to accurately estimate the shear strength of FRP–RC beams. A large database that consisted of 302 shear test results on FRP-reinforced slender concrete beams without stirrup was collected from the literature to formulate the most efficient prediction model. The performance of each ML algorithm model was compared with the existing design provisions and models. The model interpretation was performed through feature importance analysis to explain the model output compared with a black box. The proposed data-driven ML models demonstrated a high level of accuracy and excellent performance and were superior to the existing shear strength models. In addition, a simple graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to aid practicing engineers when estimating shear strength without the need for complicated design procedures.
Practical Applications
The shear strength of FRP–RC beams is calculated using various design codes and guidelines that are heuristically developed based on previous test results. In general, the developed equations are either mechanics-based or empirical. However, this paper demonstrated that data-driven ML algorithms could generate a more reliable and appropriate prediction of the shear strength of FRP–RC beams. Furthermore, as the database increases, it could be automatically updated, which would result in more accurate and reliable results. Designers and practitioners could conveniently use the developed algorithms for the reliable and quick prediction of the shear strength of FRP–RC beams. In addition, the developed GUI is innovative and user-friendly. It allows users to determine the design shear strength without referring to an existing code by employing ML in conjunction with a large, reliable, and authenticated database to ensure accuracy. This could be important for the structural engineering community when assessing the shear capacity of existing FRP–RC beams.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Associate Editor and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped improve the quality of this manuscript.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- a
- shear span of beam (mm);
- a/d
- shear span to depth ratio;
- Af
- area of FRP flexural tension reinforcement (mm2);
- bw
- effective shear width of beam (mm);
- d
- effective depth of beam (mm);
- dv
- effective shear depth (mm);
- Ec
- modulus of elasticity of concrete (MPa);
- Ef
- modulus of elasticity of FRP reinforcement (MPa);
- cylinder compressive strength of concrete (MPa);
- k
- ratio between the depth of the neutral axis of the cracked transformed section and d;
- km
- moment shear interaction factor;
- kr
- reinforcement stiffness factor;
- ks
- size effect factor;
- nf
- ratio of modulus of elasticity of FRP bars to modulus of elasticity of concrete;
- R2
- coefficient of determination;
- sze
- effective crack spacing for members without stirrups (mm);
- V
- shear strength (kN);
- Vc
- one-way shear resistance provided by concrete and FRP flexural reinforcement (kN);
- Vu
- factored shear (kN);
- Vcal
- calculated shear strength (kN);
- Vexp
- experimental shear strength (kN);
- Vpred
- predicted shear strength (kN);
- β
- factor used to account for shear resistance of cracked concrete;
- βd
- size effect factor;
- βp
- axial stiffness factor;
- δ
- error percentage;
- γb
- member safety factor;
- γd
- size effect factor;
- ρf
- longitudinal FRP reinforcement ratio; and
- χ
- inverse slope of linear least square regression of the predicted capacity versus experimental capacity.
References
Abdulsalam, B., A. Farghaly, and B. Benmokrane. 2013. “Evaluation of shear behavior for one-way concrete slabs reinforced with carbon-FRP bars.” In CSCE General Conf. Montreal, QC: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE).
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2001. Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) bars. ACI 440.1R-01. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2003. Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) bars. ACI 440.1R-03. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) bars. ACI 440.1R-15. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Concrete International. 2017. Design and management technologies. Farmington Hills, MI: Concrete International.
Alam, M. S. 2010. “Influence of different parameters on shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams without web reinforcement.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland.
Alam, M. S., and U. Gazder. 2020. “Shear strength prediction of FRP reinforced concrete members using generalized regression neural network.” Neural Comput. Appl. 32 (10): 6151–6158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-019-04107-x.
Alguhi, H., and D. Tomlinson. 2021. “One-way shear strength of FRP–reinforced concrete members without stirrups: Design provision review.” J. Compos. Constr. 25 (3): 04021016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001125.
Alkhrdaji, T., M. Wideman, A. Belarbi, and A. Nanni. 2001. “Shear strength of GFRP RC beams and slabs.” In Proc., Int. Conf., Composites in Construction, 409–414. Porto, Portugal: Semantic Scholar.
Al-Salloum, Y. A., and H. A. Tarek. 2007. “Creep effect on the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars subjected to different environments.” Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (7): 1510–1519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.008.
Angst, U. M. 2018. “Challenges and opportunities in corrosion of steel in concrete.” Mater. Struct. 51: 4. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1131-6.
Ashour, A. F. 2006. “Flexural and shear capacities of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (10): 1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.023.
Ashour, A. F., and I. F. Kara. 2014. “Size effect on shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams.” Composites, Part B 60: 612–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.002.
Benmokrane, B., A. H. Ali, H. M. Mohamed, A. ElSafty, and A. Manalo. 2017. “Laboratory assessment and durability performance of vinyl-ester, polyester, and epoxy glass-FRP bars for concrete structures.” Composites, Part B 114: 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.02.002.
Bentz, E. C., and M. P. Collins. 2017. “Updating the ACI shear design provisions.” Concr. Int. 39 (9): 33–38.
Bentz, E. C., L. Massam, and M. P. Collins. 2010. “Shear strength of large concrete members with FRP reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (6): 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000108.
Bishop, C. 2016. Pattern recognition and machine learning. New York: Springer.
Bresler, B., and A. C. Scordelis. 1963. “Shear strength of reinforced concrete beams.” ACI J. Proc. 60 (1): 51–74.
Cao, Y., Q. Fan, S. M. Azar, R. Alyousef, S. T. Yousif, K. Wakil, K. Jermsittiparsert, L. Si Ho, H. Alabduljabbar, and A. Alaskar. 2020. “Computational parameter identification of strongest influence on the shear resistance of reinforced concrete beams by fiber reinforcement polymer.” Structures 27: 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.05.031.
Caporale, A., and R. Luciano. 2009. “Indagine sperimentale e numerica sulla resistenza a taglio di travi di calcestruzzo armate con barre di GFRP.” In XXXVIII Convegno Nazionale Aias. Turin, Italy: XXXVIII Convegno Nazionale Aias.
Chen, T., and C. Guestrin. 2016. “Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system.” In Proc., 22nd ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 785–794. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Cholostiakow, S., M. Di Benedetti, M. Guadagnini, C. C. Gowda, J. A. O. Barros, and E. Zappa. 2018. “Experimental and numerical study on the shear behaviour of geometrically similar FRP RC beams.” In Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Civil Engineering.
Cladera, A., A. Marí, J.-M. Bairán, E. Oller, and C. Ribas. 2017. “One-way shear design method based on a multi-action model.” Concr. Int. 39 (9): 40–46.
Collins, M. 1978. “Towards a rational theory for RC members in shear.” J. Struct. Div. 104 (4): 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0004900.
Collins, M. P., E. C. Bentz, E. G. Sherwood, and L. Xie. 2008. “An adequate theory for the shear strength of reinforced concrete structures.” Mag. Concr. Res. 60 (9): 635–650. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.60.9.635.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2002. Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers. CSA S806-02. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2006. Canadian highway bridge design code. CSA S6:06. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2012. Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers. CSA S806-12. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2019. Canadian highway bridge design code. CSA S6:19. Mississauga, ON, Canada: CSA.
Deitz, D., I. Harik, and H. Gesund. 1999. “One-way slabs reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer reinforcing bars.” Spec. Publ. 188: 279–286.
Duranovic, N., K. Pilakoutas, and P. Waldron. 1997. “Tests on concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre reinforced plastic bars.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 479–486. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Concrete Institute.
El-Ragaby, A., E. El-Salakawy, and B. Benmokrane. 2007. “Fatigue analysis of concrete bridge deck slabs reinforced with E-glass/vinyl ester FRP reinforcing bars.” Composites, Part B 38 (5–6): 703–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.07.012.
El Refai, A., and F. Abed. 2016. “Concrete contribution to shear strength of beams reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (4): 04015082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000648.
El-Sayed, A. K., E. F. El-Salakawy, and B. Benmokrane. 2006. “Shear capacity of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars.” ACI Struct. J. 103: 383–389.
Feng, D.-C., B. Cetiner, M. R. Azadi Kakavand, and E. Taciroglu. 2021a. “Data-driven approach to predict the plastic hinge length of reinforced concrete columns and its application.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (2): 04020332. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002852.
Feng, D.-C., W.-J. Wang, S. Mangalathu, and E. Taciroglu. 2021b. “Interpretable XGBoost-SHAP machine-learning model for shear strength prediction of squat RC walls.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (11): 04021173. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003115.
Friedman, J., T. Hastie, and R. Tibshirani. 2001. The elements of statistical learning. Springer Series in Statistics. Berlin: Springer.
Frosch, R. J., Q. Yu, G. Cusatis, and Z. P. Bažant. 2017. “A unified approach to shear design.” Concr. Int. 39 (9): 47–52.
Fu, F. 2020. “Fire induced progressive collapse potential assessment of steel framed buildings using machine learning.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 166: 105918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105918.
Gao, D., and C. Zhang. 2020. “Shear strength prediction model of FRP bar-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2020: 7516502.
Gross, S. P., D. W. Dinehart, J. R. Yost, and P. M. Theisz. 2004. “Experimental tests of high-strength concrete beams reinforced with CFRP bars.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, 20–23. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.
Gross, S. P., J. R. Yost, D. W. Dinehart, E. Svensen, and N. Liu. 2003. “Shear strength of normal and high strength concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars.” In High Performance Materials in Bridges, edited by A. Azizinamini, A. Yakel, and M. Abdelrahman, 426–437. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Guadagnini, M., K. Pilakoutas, and P. Waldron. 2006. “Shear resistance of FRP RC beams: Experimental study.” J. Compos. Constr. 10 (6): 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:6(464).
Guan, X., H. Burton, M. Shokrabadi, and Z. Yi. 2021. “Seismic drift demand estimation for steel moment frame buildings: From mechanics-based to data-driven models.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (6): 04021058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003004.
Hoult, N. A., E. G. Sherwood, E. C. Bentz, and M. P. Collins. 2008. “Does the use of FRP reinforcement change the one-way shear behavior of reinforced concrete slabs?” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (2): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:2(125).
Issa, M. A., T. Ovitigala, and M. Ibrahim. 2016. “Shear behavior of basalt fiber reinforced concrete beams with and without basalt frp stirrups.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (4): 04015083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000638.
ISIS-M03-012001. 2001. “Reinforcing concrete structures with fiber reinforced polymers.” The Canadian Network of Centers of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures, 81, ISIS Canada. Manitoba: University of Winnipeg.
Jin, M. H., H. S. Jang, C. H. Kim, and I. Baek. 2009. “Concrete shear strength of lightweight concrete beam reinforced with FRP bar.” In Asia Pacific Conf. on FRP in Structures, 203–207. Seoul Korea: Hanyang University.
Johnson, D. T., and S. A. Sheikh. 2016. “Experimental investigation of glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced normal-strength concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 113 (6): 1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689017.
JSCE (Japanese Society of Civil Engineering). 1997. Recommendation for design and construction of concrete structures using continuous fiber reinforcing materials. Tokyo: JSCE.
Jumaa, G. B., and A. R. Yousif. 2018. “Predicting shear capacity of FRP-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups by artificial neural networks, gene expression programming, and regression analysis.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2018: 5157824.
Kabir, M. A., A. S. Hasan, and A. H. M. M. Billah. 2021. “Failure mode identification of column base plate connection using data-driven machine learning techniques.” Eng. Struct. 240 (1): 112389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112389.
Kara, I. F., A. F. Ashour, and C. Dundar. 2013. “Deflection of concrete structures reinforced with FRP bars.” Composites, Part B 44 (1): 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.04.061.
Kaszubska, M., R. Kotynia, and J. A. O. Barros. 2017. “Influence of longitudinal GFRP reinforcement ratio on shear capacity of concrete beams without stirrups.” Procedia Eng. 193: 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.225.
Keshtegar, B., M. Bagheri, and Z. M. Yaseen. 2019. “Corrigendum to “Shear strength of steel fiber-unconfined reinforced concrete beam simulation: Application of novel intelligent model” [Compos. Struct. 212 (2019) 230–242].” Compos. Struct. 227: 111309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111309.
Kilpatrick, A. E., and R. Dawborn. 2006. “Flexural shear capacity of high strength concrete slabs reinforced with longitudinal GFRP bars.” In FIB, 1–10. Naples, Italy: Fédération Internationale du Béton Italia.
Kilpatrick, A. E., and L. Easden. 2005. “Shear capacity of GFRP reinforced high strength concrete slabs.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 18th Australasian Conf. on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, 119–124. London: Taylor & Francis.
Kim, C. H., and H. S. Jang. 2014. “Concrete shear strength of normal and lightweight concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (2): 4013038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000440.
Lee, S., and C. Lee. 2014. “Prediction of shear strength of FRP-reinforced concrete flexural members without stirrups using artificial neural networks.” Eng. Struct. 61: 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.01.001.
Mahesh, B. 2020. “Machine learning algorithms- A review.” Int. J. Sci. Res. 9 (1): 381–386.
Mangalathu, S., S.-H. Hwang, and J.-S. Jeon. 2020b. “Failure mode and effects analysis of RC members based on machine-learning-based SHapley additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach.” Eng. Struct. 219: 110927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110927.
Mangalathu, S., H. Jang, S.-H. Hwang, and J.-S. Jeon. 2020a. “Data-driven machine-learning-based seismic failure mode identification of reinforced concrete shear walls.” Eng. Struct. 208: 110331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110331.
Mangalathu, S., and J.-S. Jeon. 2019. “Machine learning–based failure mode recognition of circular reinforced concrete bridge columns: Comparative study.” J. Struct. Eng. 145 (10): 4019104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002402.
Maruyama, K., and W. Zhao. 1994. “Flexural and shear behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with frp rods.” In Vol. 1 and 2 of Proc., Int. Conf. on Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete, 24–28. Sheffield: Sheffield Academia Press.
Massam, L. 2001. “The behaviour of GFRP reinforced concrete beams in shear.” Masters thesis., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto.
Matta, F., A. K. El-Sayed, A. Nanni, and B. Benmokrane. 2013. “Size effect on concrete shear strength in beams reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” ACI Struct. J. 110: 617–628.
Michaluk, C. R. M., G. Tadros, and B. Benmokrane. 1998. “Flexural behavior of one-way concrete slabs reinforced by fiber reinforced plastic reinforcements.” ACI Struct. J. 95: 353–365.
Mizukawa, Y., Y. Sato, T. Ueda, and Y. Kakuta. 1997. “A study on shear fatigue behavior of concrete beams with FRP rods.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp. on Non-Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 309–316. Tokyo: Japan Concrete Institute.
Muttoni, A., and M. F. Ruiz. 2010. Shear in slabs and beams: should they be treated in the same way?” fib Bulletin 57. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Naderpour, H., O. Poursaeidi, and M. Ahmadi. 2018. “Shear resistance prediction of concrete beams reinforced by FRP bars using artificial neural networks.” Measurement 126: 299–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.051.
Nakamura, H., and T. H. Higai. 1995. “Evaluation of shear strength of the concrete beams reinforced with FRP.” In Proc., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1995.508_89.
Naser, M. Z. 2018. “Deriving temperature-dependent material models for structural steel through artificial intelligence.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191: 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.186.
Naser, M. Z. 2020. “Machine learning assessment of fiber-reinforced polymer-strengthened and reinforced concrete members.” ACI Struct. J. 117 (6): 237–251. https://doi.org/10.14359/51728073.
Naser, M., and A. Alavi. 2020. “Insights into performance fitness and error metrics for machine learning.” Preprint, submitted May 17, 2020. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2006.00887.
Naser, M. Z., S. Thai, and H.-T. Thai. 2021. “Evaluating structural response of concrete-filled steel tubular columns through machine learning.” J. Build. Eng. 34: 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101888.
Nehdi, M., H. El Chabib, and A. M. Saïd. 2006. “Evaluation of shear capacity of FRP reinforced concrete beams using artificial neural networks.” Smart Struct. Syst. 2: 81–100. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2006.2.1.081.
Nehdi, M., H. El-Chabib, and A. M. Saïd. 2007. “Proposed shear design equations for FRP-reinforced concrete beams based on genetic algorithms approach.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 19 (12): 1033–1042.
Nguyen, Q. H., H.-B. Ly, L. S. Ho, N. Al-Ansari, H. V. Le, V. Q. Tran, I. Prakash, and B. T. Pham. 2021. “Influence of data splitting on performance of machine learning models in prediction of shear strength of soil.” Math. Probl. Eng. 2021: 4832864.
Niewels, J. 2009. “Load carrying behaviour of concrete members with fiber reinforced polymers.” Ph.D. thesis. Faculty of Civil Engineering, RWTH Aachen Univ.
Olivito, R. S., and F. A. Zuccarello. 2010. “On the shear behaviour of concrete beams reinforced by carbon fibre-reinforced polymer bars: An experimental investigation by means of acoustic emission technique.” Strain 46 (5): 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2009.00699.x.
Pacheco, J. N., J. de Brito, C. Chastre, and L. Evangelista. 2020. “Uncertainty of shear resistance models: Influence of recycled concrete aggregate on beams with and without shear reinforcement.” Eng. Struct. 204: 109905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109905.
Park, H.-G., and K.-K. Choi. 2017. “Unified shear design method of concrete beams based on compression zone failure mechanism.” Concr. Int. 39 (9): 59–63.
Pedregosa, F. P., et al. 2011. “Scikit-Learn: Machine learning in python.” J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12: 2825–2830.
Rahman, J., K. S. Ahmed, N. I. Khan, K. Islam, and S. Mangalathu. 2021. “Data-driven shear strength prediction of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams using machine learning approach.” Eng. Struct. 233 (15): 111743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111743.
Razaqpur, A. G., B. O. Isgor, S. Greenaway, and A. Selley. 2004. “Concrete contribution to the shear resistance of fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete members.” J. Compos. Constr. 8 (5): 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:5(452).
Razaqpur, A. G., M. Shedid, and B. Isgor. 2011. “Shear strength of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams subject to unsymmetric loading.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (4): 500–512. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000184.
Shahnewaz, M., R. Machial, M. S. Alam, and A. Rteil. 2016. “Optimized shear design equation for slender concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars and stirrups using genetic algorithm and reliability analysis.” Eng. Struct. 107: 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.049.
Solhmirzaei, R., H. Salehi, V. Kodur, and M. Z. Naser. 2020. “Machine learning framework for predicting failure mode and shear capacity of ultra-high performance concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 224: 111221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111221.
Steiner, S., A. K. El-Sayed, B. Benmokrane, F. Matta, and A. Nanni. 2008. “Shear strength of large-size concrete beams reinforced with glass FRP bars.” In Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures. Montreal, QC: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE).
Swamy, N., and M. Aburawi. 1997. “Structural implications of using GFRP bars as concrete reinforcement.” In Proc., 3rd Int. Symp., FRPRCS, 503–510. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Concrete Institute.
Tariq, M., and J. Newhook. 2003. “Shear testing of FRP reinforced concrete without transverse reinforcement.” In Proc., Annual Conf. on Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, 1330–1339. Montreal, QC: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering (CSCE).
Todorov, B., and A. H. M. M. Billah. 2022. “Machine learning driven seismic performance limit state identification for performance-based seismic design of bridge piers.” Eng. Struct. 255: 113919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113919.
Tomlinson, D., and A. Fam. 2015. “Performance of concrete beams reinforced with basalt FRP for flexure and shear.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (2): 04014036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000491.
Tottori, S., and H. Wakui. 1993. “Shear capacity of RC and PC beams using FRP reinforcement.” ACI Symp. Publ. 138: 615–632.
Tureyen, A. K., and R. J. Frosch. 2002. “Shear tests of FRP-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups.” ACI Struct. J. 99: 427–434.
Vecchio, F. J., and M. P. Collins. 1986. “The modified compression-field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear.” ACI Struct. J. 83 (2): 219–231.
Yost, J. R., S. P. Gross, and D. W. Dinehart. 2001. “Shear strength of normal strength concrete beams reinforced with deformed GFRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (4): 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:4(268).
Zhao, W., K. Maruyama, and H. Suzuki. 1995. “Shear behavior of concrete beams reinforced by FRP rods as longitudinal and shear reinforcement.” In Proc., 2nd Int. RILEM Symp. on Non Metallic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, 352–359. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Zhou, Z.-H. 2012. Ensemble methods: Foundations and algorithms. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 27 • Issue 2 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 8, 2021
Accepted: Aug 20, 2022
Published online: Jan 18, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 18, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.