Compressive Performance of Partially CFRP-Confined Square Seawater–Sea Sand Concrete Columns with Internal Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26, Issue 2
Abstract
This study first presents an experimental investigation on the compressive behavior of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP)-confined square seawater–sea sand concrete (SSC) columns with embedded epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR). Thirty-three columns were tested to explore the influence of several parameters, including clear spacing ratios, FRP wrapping schemes, FRP volumetric ratios, and internal steel reinforcement ratios. Test results reveal that the location of CFRP strips with respect to the steel hoops has a significant impact on the mechanical behavior of specimens, especially for the deformation capacity. Furthermore, more obvious improvements of strength and ductility are detected for the reinforced columns with smaller clear spacing ratios and higher volumetric ratios of FRP wraps. In specific, the maximum enhancements of load capacity and ductility index for the reinforced SSC specimens with two-layer CFRP strips are 11.8% and 92.9%, respectively, while the improvements increase to 15.6% and 189.2% when the thickness of CFRP jackets doubles. A regression-based stress–strain model is developed to evaluate the ultimate conditions of FRP partially wrapped concrete columns, and a better agreement can be achieved by the developed model compared with other existing models. Finally, a simple expression is also proposed based on the experimental observations, which can accurately predict the load capacity of plain and reinforced concrete columns wrapped with FRP strips.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Al-Amoudi, O. S. B., M. Maslehuddin, and M. Ibrahim. 2004. “Long-term performance of fusion-bonded epoxy-coated steel bars in chloride-contaminated concrete.” ACI Mater. J. 101 (4): 303–309.
ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. ASTM D3039/D3039 M-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2020. Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. ASTM C39/C39 M-20. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Belarbi, A., and S. W. Bae. 2007. “An experimental study on the effect of environmental exposures and corrosion on RC columns with FRP composite jackets.” Composites, Part B 38 (5–6): 674–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.09.004.
Dhondy, T., A. Remennikov, and M. N. Sheikh. 2019. “Benefits of using sea sand and seawater in concrete: A comprehensive review.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 20 (4): 280–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2019.1659213.
Dong, Z., G. Wu, and Y. Xu. 2016. “Experimental study on the bond durability between steel-FRP composite bars (SFCBs) and sea sand concrete in ocean environment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 115: 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.052.
Eid, R., and P. Paultre. 2017. “Compressive behavior of FRP-confined reinforced concrete columns.” Eng. Struct. 132: 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.11.052.
Erdoğdu, Ş., T. W. Bremner, and I. L. Kondratova. 2001. “Accelerated testing of plain and epoxy-coated reinforcement in simulated seawater and chloride solutions.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (6): 861–867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00487-2.
Fanous, F., and H. Wu. 2005. “Performance of coated reinforcing bars in cracked bridge decks.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (3): 255–261. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:3(255).
fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete). 2001. Externally bonded FRP reinformfrftcement for RC structures. Technical Rep. Bulletin 14. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
GAQSIQ (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine). 2010. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. [In Chinese.] GB/T 228.1-2010. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Guo, Y. C., S. H. Xiao, J. W. Luo, Y. Y. Ye, and J. J. Zeng. 2018. “Confined concrete in fiber-reinforced polymer partially wrapped square columns: Axial compressive behavior and strain distributions by a particle image velocimetry sensing technique.” Sensors 18 (12): 4118. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124118.
Harajli, M. H., B. S. Hamad, and A. A. Rteil. 2004. “Effect of confinement on bond strength between steel bars and concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 101 (5): 595–603.
Ilki, A., O. Peker, E. Karamuk, C. Demir, and N. Kumbasar. 2008. “FRP retrofit of low and medium strength circular and rectangular reinforced concrete columns.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (2): 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:2(169).
Isleem, H. F., M. Tahir, and Z. Wang. 2020. “Axial stress–strain model developed for rectangular RC columns confined with FRP wraps and anchors.” Structures 23: 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.12.020.
Isleem, H. F., Z. Wang, D. Wang, and S. T. Smith. 2018. “Monotonic and cyclic axial compressive behavior of CFRP-confined rectangular RC columns.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (4): 04018023. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000860.
Karbhari, V. M., J. W. Chin, D. Hunston, B. Benmokrane, T. Juska, R. Morgan, J. J. Lesko, U. Sorathia, and D. Reynaud. 2003. “Durability gap analysis for fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil infrastructure.” J. Compos. Constr. 7 (3): 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238).
Lam, L., and J. G. Teng. 2003a. “Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 17 (6–7): 471–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(03)00045-X.
Lam, L., and J. G. Teng. 2003b. “Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete in rectangular columns.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 22 (13): 1149–1186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684403035429.
Li, P., T. Yang, Q. Zeng, F. Xing, and Y. Zhou. 2021. “Axial stress–strain behavior of carbon FRP-confined seawater sea-sand recycled aggregate concrete square columns with different corner radii.” Compos. Struct. 262: 113589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113589.
Li, Y. L., X. L. Zhao, and R. K. Singh Raman. 2018. “Mechanical properties of seawater and sea sand concrete-filled FRP tubes in artificial seawater.” Constr. Build. Mater. 191: 977–993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.059.
Lin, H., Y. Zhao, P. Feng, H. Ye, J. Ozbolt, C. Jiang, and J. Q. Yang. 2019. “State-of-the-art review on the bond properties of corroded reinforcing steel bar.” Constr. Build. Mater. 213: 216–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.077.
Luca, B., E. Bernhard, P. Pietro, and P. Rob. 2004. Corrosion of steel in concrete: Prevention, diagnosis, repair. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Mai, A. D., M. N. Sheikh, and M. N. S. Hadi. 2018. “Influence of the location of CFRP strips on the behaviour of partially wrapped square reinforced concrete columns under axial compression.” Structures 15: 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.06.007.
Mander, J. B., M. J. N. Priestley, and R. Park. 1988. “Theoretical stress–strain model for confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng. 114 (8): 1804–1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804).
Mohammed, T. U., H. Hamada, and T. Yamaji. 2004. “Performance of seawater-mixed concrete in the tidal environment.” Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (4): 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.020.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development). 2010a. Code for design of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] GB50010-2010. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development). 2010b. Technical code for infrastructure application of FRP composites. [In Chinese.] GB50608-2010. Beijing: China Planning Press.
Nie, R., Y. Huang, X. Li, H. Sun, D. Li, and J. Ying. 2020. “Bond of epoxy-coated reinforcement to seawater coral aggregate concrete.” Ocean Eng. 208: 107350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107350.
Pantazopoulou, S. J., J. F. Bonacci, S. Sheikh, M. D. A. Thomas, and N. Hearn. 2001. “Repair of corrosion-damaged columns with FRP wraps.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(3).
Park, R. 1988. “State of the art report-ductility evaluation from laboratory and analytical testing.” In Proc., 9th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 605–616. Tokyo: Japan Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention.
Pellegrino, C., and C. Modena. 2010. “Analytical model for FRP confinement of concrete columns with and without internal steel reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 14 (6): 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000127.
Popovics, S. 1973. “A numerical approach to the complete stress–strain curve of concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 3 (5): 583–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(73)90096-3.
Rabi, M., K. A. Cashell, R. Shamass, and P. Desnerck. 2020. “Bond behaviour of austenitic stainless steel reinforced concrete.” Eng. Struct. 221: 111027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111027.
Rousakis, T. C., and A. I. Karabinis. 2008. “Substandard reinforced concrete members subjected to compression: FRP confining effects.” Mater. Struct. 41 (9): 1595–1611. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9351-4.
Shayanfar, J., M. Rezazadeh, and J. A. Barros. 2020. “Analytical model to predict dilation behavior of FRP confined circular concrete columns subjected to axial compressive loading.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (6): 04020071. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001087.
Sheikh, S. A., and S. M. Uzumeri. 1980. “Strength and ductility of tied concrete columns.” J. Struct. Div. 106 (5): 1079–1102. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005416.
Triantafyllou, G. G., T. C. Rousakis, and A. I. Karabinis. 2015. “Axially loaded reinforced concrete columns with a square section partially confined by light GFRP straps.” J. Compos. Constr. 19 (1): 04014035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000496.
Vafaei, D., R. Hassanli, X. Ma, J. Duan, and Y. Zhuge. 2021. “Sorptivity and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete made with seawater and dredged sea-sand.” Constr. Build. Mater. 270: 121436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121436.
Wang, J., L. Yang, and J. Yang. 2020. “Bond behavior of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars with seawater sea-sand concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 117 (4): 193–208.
Wang, L. M., and Y. F. Wu. 2008. “Effect of corner radius on the performance of CFRP-confined square concrete columns: Test.” Eng. Struct. 30 (2): 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.016.
Wang, X. H., and L. Zheng. 2020. “Durability and ultimate performance of concrete beams with epoxy-coated reinforcing bars.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.19.00156.
Wang, Y., G. Chen, B. Wan, B. Han, and J. Ran. 2021. “Axial compressive behavior and confinement mechanism of circular FRP-steel tubed concrete stub columns.” Compos. Struct. 256: 113082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113082.
Wang, Y.-C., and K. Hsu. 2008. “Design of FRP-wrapped reinforced concrete columns for enhancing axial load carrying capacity.” Compos. Struct. 82 (1): 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.04.002.
Wang, Z., D. Wang, S. T. Smith, and D. Lu. 2012. “CFRP-confined square RC columns. I: Experimental investigation.” J. Compos. Constr. 16 (2): 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000245.
Wei, Y.-Y., and Y.-F. Wu. 2012. “Unified stress-strain model of concrete for FRP-confined columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 26 (1): 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.037.
Wu, Y. F. 2008. “Ductility demand of compression yielding fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (1): 104–110.
Xiao, J., Q. Zhang, P. Zhang, L. Shen, and C. Qiang. 2019. “Mechanical behavior of concrete using seawater and sea-sand with recycled coarse aggregates.” Struct. Concr. 20 (5): 1631–1643. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900071.
Xu, Y., Y. Wei, X. Cheng, and M. Duan. 2019. “Axial compressive behavior of CFRP-stirrup confined rounded rectangular concrete columns.” [In Chinese.] Fiber Reinf. Plast./Compos. (6): 5–11.
Yang, J., S. Lu, J. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2020a. “Behavior of CFRP partially wrapped square seawater sea-sand concrete columns under axial compression.” Eng. Struct. 222: 111119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111119.
Yang, J., J. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2020b. “Axial compressive behavior of partially CFRP confined seawater–sea sand concrete in circular columns—Part I: Experimental study.” Compos. Struct. 246: 112373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112373.
Yang, J., J. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2020c. “Axial compressive behavior of partially CFRP confined seawater sea-sand concrete in circular columns—Part II: A new analysis-oriented model.” Compos. Struct. 246: 112368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112368.
Yang, J., J. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2020d. “Design-oriented axial stress–strain model for partially fiber-reinforced-polymer-confined normal-strength concrete.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 23 (16): 3481–3495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220933461.
Yuan, J., and Z. Ou. 2021. “Research progress and engineering applications of stainless steel-reinforced concrete structures.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2021: 9228493. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9228493.
Zeng, J. J., W. Y. Gao, Z. J. Duan, Y. L. Bai, Y. C. Guo, and L. J. Ouyang. 2020. “Axial compressive behavior of polyethylene terephthalate/carbon FRP-confined seawater sea-sand concrete in circular columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 234: 117383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117383.
Zeng, J. J., G. Lin, J. G. Teng, and L. J. Li. 2018. “Behavior of large-scale FRP-confined rectangular RC columns under axial compression.” Eng. Struct. 174: 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.086.
Zhang, Y., Y. Wei, J. Bai, G. Wu, and Z. Dong. 2020. “A novel seawater and sea sand concrete filled FRP-carbon steel composite tube column: Concept and behaviour.” Compos. Struct. 246: 112421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112421.
Zhao, D., J. Pan, Y. Zhou, L. Sui, and Z. Ye. 2020. “New types of steel-FRP composite bar with round steel bar inner core: Mechanical properties and bonding performances in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 242: 118062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118062.
Zhou, Y., L. Dang, L. Sui, D. Li, X. Zhao, F. Xing, and Y. Wu. 2017. “Experimental study on the bond behavior between corroded rebar and concrete under dual action of FRP confinement and sustained loading.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155: 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.049.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26 • Issue 2 • April 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 2, 2021
Accepted: Oct 28, 2021
Published online: Dec 20, 2021
Published in print: Apr 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 20, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Javad Shayanfar, Joaquim A.O. Barros, Mohammadali Rezazadeh, Analysis-oriented model for partially FRP-and-steel-confined circular RC columns under compression, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115330, 276, (115330), (2023).
- Zehui Xiang, Jie Zhou, Jiangang Niu, Compressive behavior of CFRP-confined steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting lightweight aggregate concrete in square columns, Journal of Building Engineering, 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105118, 59, (105118), (2022).