Innovative and Eco-friendly Solutions for the Seismic Retrofitting of Natural Stone Masonry Walls with Textile Reinforced Mortar: In- and Out-of-Plane Behavior
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26, Issue 1
Abstract
The application of textile-reinforced mortars (TRM) on masonry walls constructed with natural stones was studied through a set of medium-scale experiments. Fourteen experiments were carried out in total, including in- and out-of-plane cyclic tests as well as two different strengthening configurations. The first consisted of a TRM made of a natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortar, combined with a natural flax-fiber textile, while for the latter, a novel alkali-activated material (AAM) geopolymer mortar combined with basalt textile was employed. The use of such low-carbon footprint materials instead of conventional ones makes these systems environmentally friendlier, in line with the modern requirements for lowering CO2 emissions. Both solutions led to a substantial increase of the load-bearing capacity, up to 70% for both in- and out-of-plane experiments. Stiffness and energy dissipation characteristics of the masonry elements were improved as well. If some durability related issues of both configurations and feasibility ones of AAMs are addressed, they could provide good candidates for application in real-life structures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research work was partially supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship Grant (Fellowship No. 62). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 813596 DuRSAAM.
References
Abbass, A., P. B. Lourenço, and D. V. Oliveira. 2020. “The use of natural fibers in repairing and strengthening of cultural heritage buildings.” Mater. Today:. Proc. 31: S321–S328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.206.
Babaeidarabad, S., F. De Caso, and A. Nanni. 2014. “Out-of-plane behavior of URM walls strengthened with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix composite.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (4): 04013057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000457.
Berge, B. 2009. The ecology of building materials. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Buchwald, A., C. Kaps, and M. Hohmann. 2003. “Alkali-activated binders and Pozzolan cement binders—Compete binder reaction or two sides of the same story ?” In Proc., 11th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, 1238–1247. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228500946.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1999a. Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Part 11: Determination of flexural and compressive strength of hardened mortar. EN 1015-11. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1999b. Methods of test for masonry. Part 1: Determination of compressive strength. EN 1052-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Davidovits, J. 1991. “Geopolymers—Inorganic polymeric new materials.” J. Therm. Anal. 37 (8): 1633–1656. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193.
De Santis, S., G. De Canio, G. de Felice, P. Meriggi, and I. Roselli. 2019. “Out-of-plane seismic retrofitting of masonry walls with textile reinforced mortar composites.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 17 (11): 6265–6300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00701-5.
Ferrara, G., C. Caggegi, E. Martinelli, and A. Gabor. 2020. “Shear capacity of masonry walls externally strengthened using Flax-TRM composite systems: Experimental tests and comparative assessment.” Constr. Build. Mater. 261: 120490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120490.
Giaretton, M., M. R. Valluzzi, N. Mazzon, and C. Modena. 2017. “Out-of-plane shake-table tests of strengthened multi-leaf stone masonry walls.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 15 (10): 4299–4317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0125-7.
Gkournelos, P. D., D. A. Bournas, and T. C. Triantafillou. 2019. “Combined seismic and energy upgrading of existing reinforced concrete buildings using TRM jacketing and thermal insulation.” Earthquake Struct. 16: 625–639. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.16.5.625.
Gkournelos, P. D., T. C. Triantafillou, and D. A. Bournas. 2020. “Integrated structural and energy retrofitting of masonry walls: Effect of in-plane damage on the out-of-plane response.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (5): 04020049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001066.
Habert, G., J. B. D’Espinose De Lacaillerie, and N. Roussel. 2011. “An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: Reviewing current research trends.” J. Cleaner Prod. 19 (11): 1229–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012.
Habert, G., and C. Ouellet-Plamondon. 2016. “Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers.” RILEM Tech. Lett. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.6.
Harajli, M., H. ElKhatib, and J. T. San-Jose. 2010. “Static and cyclic out-of-plane response of masonry walls strengthened using textile-mortar system.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22 (11): 1171–1180. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000128.
Heath, A., K. Paine, and M. McManus. 2014. “Minimising the global warming potential of clay based geopolymers.” J. Cleaner Prod. 78: 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.046.
Huntzinger, D. N., and T. D. Eatmon. 2009. “A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies.” J. Cleaner Prod. 17 (7): 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.04.007.
Kalagri, A., A. Miltiadou-Fezans, and E. Vintzileou. 2010. “Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the strengthening of stone masonry historic structures.” Mater. Struct. 43 (8): 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9572-1.
Kenneth, I., and A. Miller. 2012. “Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of hemp-lime wall constructions in the UK.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 69: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.001.
Koutas, L. N., and D. A. Bournas. 2020. “Confinement of masonry columns with textile-reinforced mortar jackets.” Constr. Build. Mater. 258: 120343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120343.
Le Duigou, A., P. Davies, and C. Baley. 2011. “Environmental impact analysis of the production of flax fibres to be used as composite material reinforcement.” J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 5 (1): 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2011.1116.
Lignola, G. P., A. Prota, and G. Manfredi. 2009. “Nonlinear analyses of tuff masonry walls strengthened with cementitious matrix-grid composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 13 (4): 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000007.
Magenes, G., A. Penna, I. E. Senaldi, M. Rota, and A. Galasco. 2014. “Shaking table test of a strengthened full-scale stone masonry building with flexible diaphragms.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 8 (3): 349–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.826299.
Menna, C., D. Asprone, M. Durante, A. Zinno, A. Balsamo, and A. Prota. 2015. “Structural behaviour of masonry panels strengthened with an innovative hemp fibre composite grid.” Constr. Build. Mater. 100: 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.051.
Menna, C., D. Asprone, C. Ferone, F. Colangelo, A. Balsamo, A. Prota, R. Cioffi, and G. Manfredi. 2013. “Use of geopolymers for composite external reinforcement of RC members.” Composites, Part B 45 (1): 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.019.
Miranda, L., J. Milosevic, and R. Bento. 2017. “Cyclic behaviour of stone masonry walls strengthened by grout injection.” Mater. Struct. 50 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0911-8.
Moropoulou, A., C. Koroneos, M. Karoglou, E. Aggelakopoulou, A. Bakolas, and A. Dompros. 2006. “Life cycle analysis of mortars and its environmental impact.” Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 895: 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1557/proc-0895-g06-02.
Oliveira, D. V., R. A. Silva, E. Garbin, and P. B. Lourenço. 2012. “Strengthening of three-leaf stone masonry walls: An experimental research.” Mater. Struct. 45 (8): 1259–1276. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9832-3.
Papanicolaou, C. G., T. C. Triantafillou, K. Karlos, and M. Papathanasiou. 2007. “Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: In-plane cyclic loading.” Mater. Struct. 40 (10): 1081–1097. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9207-8.
Papanicolaou, C. G., T. C. Triantafillou, M. Papathanasiou, and K. Karlos. 2008. “Textile reinforced mortar (TRM) versus FRP as strengthening material of URM walls: Out-of-plane cyclic loading.” Mater. Struct. 41 (1): 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9226-0.
Parisi, F., G. P. Lignola, N. Augenti, A. Prota, and G. Manfredi. 2011. “Nonlinear behavior of a masonry subassemblage before and after strengthening with inorganic matrix-grid composites.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (5): 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000203.
Pinho, F. F. S., V. J. G. Lúcio, and M. F. C. Baião. 2012. “Rubble stone masonry walls in Portugal strengthened with reinforced micro-concrete layers.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 10 (1): 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-011-9280-4.
Pinho, F. F. S., V. J. G. Lucio, and M. F. C. Baiao. 2015. “Rubble stone masonry walls strengthened by three-dimensional steel ties and textile-reinforced mortar render, under compression and shear loads.” Int. J. Archit. Heritage 9 (7): 844–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2013.878413.
Provis, J. L. 2014. “Introduction and scope.” In Vol. 13 of Alkali activated materials, edited by J. L. Provis, and J. S. J. van Deventer, 1–9. Berlin: Springer International Publishing.
Shi, C., P. V. Krivenko, and D. Roy. 2006. Alkali-activated cements and concretes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203390672.
Tamburini, S., M. Natali, E. Garbin, M. Panizza, M. Favaro, and M. R. Valluzzi. 2017. “Geopolymer matrix for fibre reinforced composites aimed at strengthening masonry structures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 141: 542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.017.
Tang, C., H. Jiang, X. Zhang, G. Li, and J. Cui. 2018. “Corrosion behavior and mechanism of basalt fibers in sodium hydroxide solution.” Materials 11 (8): 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11081381.
Tomaževič, M., M. Gams, and T. Berset. 2015. “Strengthening of stone masonry walls with composite reinforced coatings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (7): 2003–2027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9697-7.
Triantafillou, T. C., K. Karlos, P. Kapsalis, and L. Georgiou. 2018. “Innovative structural and energy retrofitting system for masonry walls using textile reinforced mortars combined with thermal insulation: In-plane mechanical behavior.” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (5): 04018029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000869.
Triantafillou, T. C., K. Karlos, K. Kefalou, and E. Argyropoulou. 2017. “An innovative structural and energy retrofitting system for URM walls using textile reinforced mortars combined with thermal insulation: Mechanical and fire behavior.” Constr. Build. Mater. 133: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.032.
Trochoutsou, N., M. Di Benedetti, K. Pilakoutas, and M. Guadagnini. 2021. “Bond of flax textile-reinforced mortars to masonry.” Constr. Build. Mater. 284: 122849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122849.
Valluzzi, M. R., F. da Porto, E. Garbin, and M. Panizza. 2014. “Out-of-plane behaviour of infill masonry panels strengthened with composite materials.” Mater. Struct. 47 (12): 2131–2145. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0384-6.
Valluzzi, M. R., F. da Porto, and C. Modena. 2001. “Behaviour of multi-leaf stone masonry walls strengthened by different intervention techniques.” In Proc., Historical Constructions: Possibilities of Numerical and Experimental Techniques, edited by P. B. Lourenço, and P. Roca, 1023–1032. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242759983.
Vintzileou, E., and T. P. Tassios. 1995. “Three-leaf stone masonry strengthened by injecting cement grouts.” J. Struct. Eng. 121 (5): 848–856. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:5(848).
Weil, M., K. Dombrowski, and A. Buchwald. 2009. “Life-cycle analysis of geopolymers.” In Geopolymers: Structures, processing, properties and industrial applications, 194–210. Sawston, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 26 • Issue 1 • February 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 4, 2021
Accepted: Sep 8, 2021
Published online: Nov 10, 2021
Published in print: Feb 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Szymon Cholostiakow, Lampros N. Koutas, Christos G. Papakonstantinou, Geopolymer versus cement-based textile-reinforced mortar: Diagonal compression tests on masonry walls representative of infills in RC frames, Construction and Building Materials, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130836, 373, (130836), (2023).
- Naida Ademovic, Antonio Formisano, Luca Penazzato, Daniel V. Oliveira, Seismic and energy integrated retrofit of buildings: A critical review, Frontiers in Built Environment, 10.3389/fbuil.2022.963337, 8, (2022).
- P.D. Gkournelos, T.C. Triantafillou, D.A. Bournas, Seismic upgrading of existing masonry structures: A state-of-the-art review, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107428, 161, (107428), (2022).