Performance of Corroded Reinforced-Concrete Beams in Flexure Strengthened Using Different Basalt Fiber Textile-Reinforced Mortar Schemes
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 24, Issue 6
Abstract
The need for an effective method for the restoration of corrosion-damaged reinforced-concrete elements cannot be overemphasized. In this investigation, the use of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) for external strengthening of corroded reinforced-concrete beams in flexure is examined. The degrees of corrosion considered were 10% and 20% mass losses of the tension steel at midspan. Sixteen beams were tested in four-point bending; eight beams were cast using normal grade 35 concrete and eight beams were cast with a special high-strength concrete with steel fibers. Three strengthening schemes of a single-ply basalt TRM, covering an equal area on individual beam surfaces, were employed. As expected, the corrosion had a detrimental effect on load-carrying capacity, ductility, energy absorption, and flexural stiffness of RC beams. The strengthening schemes increased the load capacity of the 10% corroded beams within a range of 7.5%–26%, thereby yielding a restoration ranging from 105% to 112% of the peak load capacity. Full recovery of load capacities was not achieved for the 20% corroded beams. The ultimate failure mode observed in all strengthened specimens was fiber rupture, indicating full utilization of composite action of basalt TRM. A U-wrap scheme gave the best load–displacement response and energy absorption recovery.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Xi’an Jiaotong–Liverpool University (RDF-16-01-17) and the Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District Administrative Committee (SEIDAC) and Suzhou Industrial Park Science & Technology and Information Bureau (STIB) (KSF-E-27).
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2013. Guide to design and construction of externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) systems for repair and strengthening concrete and masonry structures. ACI 549.4R-13, ACI Committee 549. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318M. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Al-Saidy, A., A. Al-Harthy, K. Al-Jabri, M. Abdul-Halim, and N. Al-Shidi. 2010. “Structural performance of corroded RC beams repaired with CFRP sheets.” Compos. Struct. 92 (8): 1931–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.01.001.
ASTM. 2018. Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. ASTM A615/A615M-18E01. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Babaeidarabad, S., G. Loreto, and A. Nanni. 2014. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with an externally bonded fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix.” J. Compos. Constr. 18 (5): 04014009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000473.
Belarbi, A., and B. Acun. 2013. “FRP systems in shear strengthening of reinforced concrete structures.” Procedia Eng. 57: 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.004.
Bencardino, F., C. Carloni, A. Condello, F. Focacci, A. Napoli, and R. Realfonzo. 2018. “Flexural behaviour of RC members strengthened with FRCM: State-of-the-art and predictive formulas.” Composites, Part B 148: 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.04.051.
Biscaia, H. C., C. Chastre, and M. A. G. Silva. 2013. “Linear and nonlinear analysis of bond-slip models for interfaces between FRP composites and concrete.” Composites, Part B 45 (1): 1554–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.08.011.
Bonacci, J. F., and M. Maalej. 2000. “Externally bonded FRP for service-life extension of RC infrastructure.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 6 (1): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2000)6:1(41).
Chen, W., T. M. Pham, H. Sichembe, L. Chen, and H. Hao. 2018. “Experimental study of flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened by longitudinal and U-shaped basalt FRP sheet.” Composites, Part B 134: 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.053.
Coccia, S., S. Imperatore, and Z. Rinaldi. 2016. “Influence of corrosion on the bond strength of steel rebars in concrete.” Mater. Struct. 49 (1–2): 537–551. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0518-x.
D’Ambrisi, A., L. Feo, and F. Focacci. 2012. “Bond-slip relations for PBO-FRCM materials externally bonded to concrete.” Composites, Part B 43 (8): 2938–2949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.002.
Darwin, D., and E. K. Graham. 1993. “Effect of deformation height and spacing on bond strength of reinforcing bars.” ACI Mater. J. 90 (6): 646–657 .
Dhand, V., G. Mittal, K. Y. Rhee, S.-J. Park, and D. Hui. 2015. “A short review on basalt fiber reinforced polymer composites.” Composites, Part B 73: 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011.
Elghazy, M., A. El Refai, U. Ebead, and A. Nanni. 2018. “Corrosion-damaged reinforced concrete beams repaired with fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM).” J. Compos. Constr. 22 (5): 04018039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000873.
El-Maaddawy, T., and A. El Refai. 2016. “Innovative repair of severely corroded t-beams using fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (3): 04015073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000641.
Elsanadedy, H. M., T. H. Almusallam, S. H. Alsayed, and Y. A. Al-Salloum. 2013. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams using textile reinforced mortar—Experimental and numerical study.” Compos. Struct. 97: 40–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.053.
Escrig, C., L. Gil, and E. Bernat-Maso. 2017. “Experimental comparison of reinforced concrete beams strengthened against bending with different types of cementitious-matrix composite materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 137: 317–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.106.
Fiore, V., T. Scalici, G. Di Bella, and A. Valenza. 2015. “A review on basalt fibre and its composites.” Composites, Part B 74: 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.034.
Firmo, J. P., J. R. Correia, and P. França. 2012. “Fire behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates: Protection systems with insulation of the anchorage zones.” Composites, Part B 43 (3): 1545–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.09.002.
Gonzalez-Libreros, J. H., L. Sneed, T. D’Antino, and C. Pellegrino. 2017. “Behavior of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP and FRCM composites.” Eng. Struct. 150: 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.084.
Hashemi, S., and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2010. “Investigation of bond strength and flexural behavior of FRP strengthened RC beams using cement-based adhesives.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2010, 689–700. Reston VA: ASCE.
Masoud, S., K. Soudki, and T. Topper. 2001. “CFRP-strengthened and corroded RC beams under monotonic and fatigue loads.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (4): 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:4(228).
Ombres, L. 2012. “Debonding analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with fibre reinforced cementitious mortar.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 81: 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.06.012.
Ombres, L. 2015. “Analysis of the bond between fabric reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM) strengthening systems and concrete.” Composites, Part B 69: 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.027.
Poursaee, A. 2016. “Corrosion of steel in concrete structures.” Chap. 2 in Corrosion of steel in concrete structures, edited by A. Poursaee, 19–33. Oxford, UK: Woodhead Publishing.
Protchenko, K., M. Wlodarczyk, and E. Szmigiera. 2015. “Investigation of behavior of reinforced concrete elements strengthened with FRP.” Procedia Eng. 111: 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.132.
Raoof, S. M., and D. A. Bournas. 2017. “TRM versus FRP in flexural strengthening of RC beams: Behaviour at high temperatures.” Constr. Build. Mater. 154: 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.195.
Raoof, S. M., L. N. Koutas, and D. A. Bournas. 2016. “Bond between textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) and concrete substrates: Experimental investigation.” Composites, Part B 98: 350–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.05.041.
Raoof, S. M., L. N. Koutas, and D. A. Bournas. 2017. “Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) in flexural strengthening of RC beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 151: 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.023.
Rasheed, H. A. 2014. Strengthening design of reinforced concrete with FRP. London: CRC Press.
Täljsten, B., and T. Blanksvärd. 2007. “Mineral-based bonding of carbon FRP to strengthen concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (2): 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:2(120).
TD-JS. 2016. TD-JS Polymer cement waterproof mortar technical datasheet. Shandong, China: Jinan TuoDa Building Materials.
Tetta, Z. C., L. N. Koutas, and D. A. Bournas. 2015. “Textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) versus fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) in shear strengthening of concrete beams.” Composites, Part B 77: 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.055.
Toutanji, H., and Y. Deng. 2007. “Comparison between organic and inorganic matrices for RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber sheets.” J. Compos. Constr. 11 (5): 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:5(507).
Trapko, T., D. Urbańska, and M. Kamiński. 2015. “Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with PBO-FRCM composites.” Composites, Part B 80: 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.05.024.
Triantafillou, T. C., and C. G. Papanicolaou. 2005. “Textile reinforced mortars (TRM) versus fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) as strengthening materials of concrete structures.” In Vol. 230 of Int. Concrete Abstracts Portal, 99–118. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 24 • Issue 6 • December 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 4, 2019
Accepted: Jun 18, 2020
Published online: Aug 18, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 18, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.