Integrity of CFRP–Concrete Interface in Sulfuric Acid
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 22, Issue 6
Abstract
This paper presents the interfacial behavior and deterioration mechanisms of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets bonded to a concrete substrate subjected to sulfuric acid based on a test protocol suggested by published guidelines. To represent possible scenarios on-site, two groups were tested: Category 1 is for CFRP-strengthened concrete members experiencing acid exposure owing to a functional change, and Category 2 is concerned with acid-damaged concrete that requires CFRP strengthening. All specimens were conditioned in a 5%-concentration sulfuric acid solution for up to 9 weeks at a typical interval of 3 weeks. Chemical interactions between the test specimens and sulfuric acid are affected by the presence of CFRP bonding, thereby lowering the dissolution of the cement paste. The capacity of the interface decreases due to the acidic environment, which is rapid at an early exposure period between 0 and 3 weeks. CFRP debonding in conjunction with notch-induced concrete cracking is responsible for the specimens’ failure, regardless of exposure period. The specimens in Category 1 reveal an apparent transition from full bond to debonding when failure is imminent, which is different from those in Category 2 accompanied by gradual interface degradation. The extent of composite action between the CFRP and concrete is a function of exposure period and load level. An analytical model is developed to propose performance-based design recommendations that are dependent upon variable safety indices and interfacial deterioration levels.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the University of Colorado Denver and technical assistance from Ms. Catherine Rathbun. Proprietary information such as manufacturer and product names was not provided to avoid commercialism.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2007. Report on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures. ACI 440R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2008. Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI 440.2R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2014. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. ACI 318. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide to accelerated conditioning protocols for durability assessment of internal and external fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. ACI 440.9R. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Alaee, F. J., and B. L. Karihaloo. 2003. “Fracture model for flexural failure of beams retrofitted with CARDIFFRC.” J. Eng. Mech. 9 (1): 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:9(1028).
Araghi, H. J., I. M. Nikbin, S. R. Reskati, E. Rahmani, and H. Allahyari. 2015. “An experimental investigation on the erosion resistance of concrete containing various PET particles percentages against sulfuric acid attack.” Constr. Build. Mater. 77: 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.037.
Aydin, H., R. J. Gravina, and P. Visintin. 2014. “Effects of moisture, chlorides and sulphuric acid attack on CFRP to concrete bond interfaces.” In Proc., 23rd Australasian Conf. on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, 409–414.
Barker, R. M., and J. A. Puckett. 1997. Design of highway bridges based on AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. New York: Wiley.
Bassuoni, M. T., and M. L. Nehdi. 2007. “Resistance of self-consolidating concrete to sulfuric acid attack with consecutive pH reduction.” Cem. Concr. Res. 37 (7): 1070–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.04.014.
Bazant, Z. P. 2002. “Concrete fracture models: Testing and practice.” Eng. Fract. Mech. 69 (2): 165–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00084-4.
Fattunhi, N. I., and B. P. Hughes. 1988. “The performance of cement paste and concrete subjected to sulphuric acid attack.” Cem. Concr. Res. 18 (4): 545–553.
Green, M. F., L. A. Bisby, Y. Beaudoin, and P. Labossiere. 2000. “Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the bond durability between fibre reinforced polymer plate reinforcement and concrete.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 27 (5): 949–959. https://doi.org/10.1139/l00-031.
Hudon, E., S. Mirza, and D. Frigon. 2011. “Biodeterioration of concrete sewer pipes: State of the art and research needs.” J. Pipeline Syst. Eng. Pract. 2 (2): 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000072.
ISO. 2010. Bases for design of structures: Assessment of existing structures. ISO 13822. Geneva: ISO.
Ji, Y., and Y. J. Kim. 2017. “Effects of sulfuric acid on durability characteristics of CFRP composite sheets.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (10): 04017159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002008.
Kosmatka, S. H., and M. L. Wilson. 2011. Design and control of concrete mixtures (EB001). 15th ed. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement Association.
Mehta, P. K., and P. J. M. Monteiro. 2014. Concrete: Microstructure, properties, and materials. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Monteny, J., N. De Belie, E. Vincke, W. Verstraete, and L. Taerwe. 2001. “Chemical and microbiological tests to simulate sulfuric acid corrosion of polymer-modified concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res. 31 (9): 1359–1365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00565-8.
O’Connell, M. C., C. McNally, and M. G. Richardson. 2010. “Biochemical attack on concrete in wastewater applications: A state-of-the-art review.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (7): 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.05.001.
Okeil, A. M., S. El-Tawil, and M. Shahawa. 2002. “Flexural reliability of reinforced concrete bridge girders strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates.” J. Bridge Eng. 7 (5): 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2002)7:5(290).
Schutte, C. L. 1994. “Environmental durability of glass-fiber composites.” Mater. Sci. Eng. R13 (7): 265–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-796X(94)90002-7.
Song, H.-W., M.-W. Jung, C.-H. Lee, S-H. Kim, and K. Y. Ann. 2010. “Influence of chemistry of chloride ions in cement matrix on corrosion of steel.” ACI Mater. J. 107 (4): 332–339.
Wang, N., and B. R. Ellingwood. 2015. “Limit state design criteria for FRP strengthening of RC bridge components.” Struct. Saf. 56: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2015.03.004.
Zhang, M.-H., M. C. Blanchette, and M. Malhtra. 2001. “Leachability of trace metal elements from fly ash concrete: Results from column-leaching and batch-leaching tests.” ACI Mater. J. 98 (2): 126–136.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 5, 2017
Accepted: Jun 26, 2018
Published online: Oct 12, 2018
Published in print: Dec 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Mar 12, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.