Experimental Behavior of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls Subjected to Simulated Earthquake Load
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 22, Issue 2
Abstract
This study addressed the feasibility of reinforced-concrete squat walls totally reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars achieving the strength and drift requirements specified in various codes. Using noncorrodible GFRP bars represents an effective method for overcoming deterioration due to corrosion problems. The previous experimental studies on GFRP-reinforced midrise shear walls showed that GFRP reinforcement can control shear deformation, which is a major problem in steel-reinforced squat walls. Five full-scale concrete squat walls with an aspect ratio (height to length ratio) of 1.3, one reinforced with steel bars (as a reference specimen) and four totally reinforced with GFRP bars, were constructed and tested to failure under quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral loading. The reported test results clearly show that properly designed and detailed GFRP-reinforced concrete squat walls can reach high deformation levels with no strength degradation. The results also show that the achieved drift satisfies the limitation in most building codes. Acceptable levels of energy dissipation, compared to the steel-reinforced squat wall, were observed. The promising results can provide impetus for constructing concrete walls reinforced with GFRP and constitute a step toward using GFRP reinforcement in such lateral-resisting systems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their special thanks and gratitude to the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canada Research Chair in Advanced FRP Composite Materials for Civil Structures, the NSERC Research Chair in FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Infrastructure, the Fonds de la Recherche du Québec en nature et technologies (FRQ-NT), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), and the technical staff of the structural lab in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Sherbrooke.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2004). “Guide test methods for fiber-reinforced polymers (FFRPs) for reinforcing or strengthening concrete structures.” ACI 440.3R-04, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2007). “Report on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement concrete structures.” ACI 440R-07, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2015). “Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars.” ACI 440.1R-15, Farmington Hills, MI.
Ali, M., and El-Salakawy, E. (2016). “Seismic performance of GFRP-reinforced concrete rectangular columns.” J. Compos. Constr., 04015074.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test method for tensile properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite bars.” ASTM D7205/D7205M, West Conshohocken, PA.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2010). “Specification for fibre-reinforced polymers.” CSA S807, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 44.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2012). “Design and construction of building components with fiber-reinforced polymers.” CSA S806, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 208.
CSA (Canadian Standards Association). (2014). “Design of concrete structures standard.” CSA A23.3, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 240.
Deitz, D. H., Harik, I. E., and Gesund, H. (2003). “Physical properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer rebars in compression.” J. Compos. Constr., 363–366.
El-Salakawy, E., Benmokrane, B., El-Ragaby, A., and Nadeau, D. (2005). “Field investigation on the first bridge deck slab reinforced with glass FRP bars constructed in Canada.” J. Compos. Constr., 470–479.
Kassem, C., Farghaly, A. S., and Benmokrane, B. (2011). “Evaluation of flexural behavior and serviceability performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars.” J. Compos. Constr., 682–695.
Kassem, W. (2015). “Shear strength of squat walls: A strut-and-tie model and closed-form design formula.” Eng. Struct., 84, 430–438.
Kuang, J. S., and Ho, Y. B. (2008). “Seismic behavior and ductility of squat reinforced concrete shear walls with nonseismic detailing.” ACI Struct. J., 105(2), 225–231.
Luna, B. N., Rivera, J. P., and Whittaker, A. S. (2015). “Seismic behavior of low-aspect-ratio reinforced concrete shear walls.” ACI Struct. J., 112(5), 593–604.
Massone, L. M., Orakcal, K., and Wallace, J. W. (2009). “Modeling of squat structural walls controlled by shear.” ACI Struct. J., 106(5), 646–655.
Mattock, A. H. (1977). “Discussion of considerations for the design of precast concrete bearing wall buildings to withstand abnormal loads.” PCI J., 22(3), 105–106.
Mohamed, N., Farghaly, A. S., Benmokrane, B., and Neale, K. W. (2014a). “Experimental investigation of concrete shear walls reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced bars under lateral cyclic loading.” J. Compos. Constr., A4014001.
Mohamed, N., Farghaly, A. S., Benmokrane, B., and Neale, K. W. (2014b). “Flexure and shear deformation of GFRP-reinforced shear walls.” J. Compos. Constr., 04013044.
NBCC (National Building Code of Canada). (2010). “Canadian commission on building and fire codes.” Ottawa.
Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. (1995). Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Paulay, T., Priestley, M. J. N., and Synge, A. J. (1982). “Ductility in earthquake resisting squat shear walls.” ACI J., 79(4), 257–269.
Razaqpur, A., and Spadea, S. (2015). “Shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete members with stirrups.” J. Compos. Constr., 04014025.
Saatcioglu, M. (1991). “Hysteretic shear response of low-rise walls.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Concrete Shear in Earthquake, Univ. of Houston, Houston, 105–114.
Salonikios, T. N., Kappos, A. J., Tegos, I. A., and Penelis, G. G. (1999). “Cyclic load behavior of low-slenderness reinforced concrete walls: Design basis and test results.” ACI Struct. J., 96(4), 649–660.
Sharbatdar, M. K., and Saatcioglu, M. (2009). “Seismic design of FRP reinforced concrete structures.” Asian J. Appl. Sci., 2(3), 211–222.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1995). “Influence of web reinforcement on cyclic response of structural walls.” ACI Struct. J., 92(6), 745–756.
Takahashi, S., et al. (2013). “Flexural drift capacity of reinforced concrete wall with limited confinement.” ACI Struct. J., 110(1), 95–104.
Tavassoli, A., Liu, J., and Sheikh, S. (2015). “Glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced circular columns under simulated seismic loads” ACI Struct. J., 112(10), 103–114.
Tobbi, H., Farghaly, A. S., and Benmokrane, B. (2014). “Behavior of concentrically loaded fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns with varying reinforcement types and ratios.” ACI Struct. J., 111(2), 375–386.
Whyte, C., and Stojadinovic, B. (2014). “Effect of ground motion sequence on response of squat reinforced concrete shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., A4014004.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2016
Accepted: Oct 13, 2017
Published online: Feb 2, 2018
Published in print: Apr 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Jul 2, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.