Shake Table Tests of Large-Scale Substandard RC Frames Retrofitted with CFRP Wraps before Earthquakes
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 21, Issue 1
Abstract
A large number of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) frames exist in potential earthquake regions across the world. These frames are at high risk of collapse during possible strong earthquakes in the future. In order to mitigate the risk, pre-earthquake seismic strengthening of these frames is urgently needed. This paper presents an experimental study on the seismic performance of substandard RC frames strengthened with externally bonded carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) composites using shake table tests. Two 1/2-scale 4-story and 2-bay RC frames were fabricated and tested on a shake table. One specimen was tested first as the control specimen, while the other specimen was retrofitted with CFRP before test. The retrofitting scheme was designed according to the failure mode of the control specimen, and involved CFRP wrapping at and close to the beam-column joints at the lower two stories of the frame. The test results showed that the seismic performance of the substandard RC frame could be significantly improved by the CFRP strengthening technique. The maximum applied peak ground acceleration (PGA) that could be resisted by the control frame specimen was approximately , while the retrofitted frame specimen could endure seismic loading with a PGA value of without significant damage. The horizontal displacements, interstory drift ratios, and torsional displacements of the retrofitted frame specimens were also found to be much smaller than those of the control frame at the same earthquake levels.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51478143, No. 51408153, and No. 51278150) and the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2012CB026200) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014M551252 and 2015T80354).
References
Al-Salloum, Y., Siddiqui, N., Elasanadedy, H., Abadel, A., and Aqel, M. (2011). “Textile-reinforced mortar versus FRP as strengthening material for seismic deficient RC beam-column joints.” J. Compos. Constr., 920–933.
Balsamo, A., Colombo, A., Manfredi, G., Negro, P., and Prota, A. (2005). “Seismic behavior of a full-scale RC frame repaired using CFRP laminates.” Eng. Struct., 27(5), 769–780.
Bracci, J. M., Reinhorn, A. M., and Mander, J. B. (1995). “Seismic resistance of reinforced concrete structures designed for gravity loads: Performance of structural system.” ACI Struct. J., 92(5), 597–609.
Code of China. (2001). “Code for seismic design of buildings.”, Publishing House of Building Industry in China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Code of China. (2002). “Code for design of concrete structures.”, Publishing House of Building Industry in China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Code of China. (2003). “Technical specification for strengthening concrete structures with carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate.”, Standardization Institute of Chinese Construction, Beijing (in Chinese).
Code of China. (2006). “Design code for strengthening concrete structure.”, Publishing House of Building Industry in China, Beijing (in Chinese).
Corte, G. D., Barecchia, E., and Mazzolani, F. M. (2006). “Seismic upgrading of RC buildings by FRP: Full-scale tests of a real structure.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 659–669.
Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A., Manfredi, G., and Cosenza, E. (2008). “Seismic strengthening of an under-designed RC structure with FRP.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(1), 141–162.
DiPasquale, E., Ju, J., Askar, A., and Cakmak, A. (1990). “Relation between global damage indices and local stiffness degradation.” J. Struct. Eng., 1440–1456.
ElSouri, A., and Harajli, M. (2011). “Seismic repair and strengthening of lap splices in RC columns: Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer versus steel confinement.” J. Compos. Constr., 721–731.
Erdem, I., Akyuz, U., Ersoy, U., and Ozcebe, G. (2006). “An experimental study on two different strengthening techniques for RC frames.” Eng. Struct., 28(13), 1843–1851.
Eslami, A., and Ronagh, H. (2013). “Experimental investigation of an appropriate anchorage system for flange-bonded carbon fiber–reinforced polymers in retrofitted RC beam–column joints.” J. Compos. Constr., .
Garcia, R., et al. (2014). “Full-scale shaking table tests on a substandard RC building repaired and strengthened with post-tensioned metal straps.” J. Earthquake Eng., 18(2), 187–213.
Garcia, R., Hajirasouliha, I., and Pilakoutas, K. (2010). “Seismic behaviour of deficient RC frames strengthened with CFRP composites.” Eng. Struct., 32(10), 3075–3085.
Garcia, R., Jemaa, Y., Helal, Y., Guadagnini, M., and Pilakoutas, K. (2013). “Seismic strengthening of severely damaged beam-column RC joints using CFRP.” J. Compos. Constr., .
Ghobarah, A., El-Attar, M., and Aly, N. M. (2000). “Evaluation of retrofit strategies for reinforced concrete columns: A case study.” Eng. Struct., 22(5), 490–501.
Gu, D., Wu, G., Wu, Z., and Wu, Y. (2010). “Confinement effectiveness of FRP in retrofitting circular concrete columns under simulated seismic load.” J. Compos. Constr., 531–540.
Karayannis, C. G., and Sirkelis, G. (2008). “Strengthening and rehabilitation of RC beam-column joints using carbon-FRP jacketing and epoxy resin injection.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(5), 769–790.
Lam, L., and Teng, J. G. (2003). “Design-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6-7), 471–489.
Lam, L., and Teng, J. G. (2009). “Stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete under cyclic axial compression.” Eng. Struct., 31(2), 308–321.
Li, B., Kai, Q., and Xue, W. (2012). “Effects of eccentricity on the seismic rehabilitation performance of nonseismically detailed interior beamwide column joints.” J. Compos. Constr., 507–519.
Lu, X. L., Fu, G. K., Shi, W. X., and Lu, W. S. (2008). “Shake table model testing and its application.” J. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build., 17(1), 181–201.
Ma, G., and Li, H. (2015). “Experimental study of the seismic behavior of predamaged reinforced-concrete columns retrofitted with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer.” J. Compos. Constr., 04015016.
Ma, G., Li, H., and Wang, J. (2013). “Experimental study of the seismic behavior of an earthquake-damaged reinforced concrete frame structure retrofitted with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer.” J. Compos. Constr., 04013002.
Mukherjee, A., Bagadi, S., and Rai, G. (2009). “Semianalytical modeling of concrete beams rehabilitated with externally prestressed composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 74–81.
Ozbakkaloglu, T., and Saatcioglu, M. (2006). “Seismic behavior of high-strength concrete columns confined by fiber-reinforced polymer tubes.” J. Compos. Constr., 538–549.
Ozkaynak, H., Yuksel, E., Buyukozturk, O., Yalcin, C., and Dindar, A. A. (2011). “Quasi-static and pseudo-dynamic testing of infilled RC frames retrofitted with CFRP material.” Compos. Part B, 42(2), 238–263.
Pampanin, S., Bolognini, D., and Pavese, A. (2007). “Performance-based seismic retrofit strategy for existing reinforced concrete frame systems using fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 211–226.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). (2013). “PEER ground motion database.” ⟨http://ngawest2.berkeley.edu⟩.
Quintana-Gallo, P., Akguzel, U., Pampanin, S., Carr, A. J., and Bonelli, P. (2012). “Shake table tests of non-ductile RC frames retrofitted with GFRP laminates in beam-column joints and selective weakening in floor slabs.” New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Conf., New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, Wellington, New Zealand.
Seible, F., Priestley, M. J., Hegemier, G. A., and Innamorato, D. (1997). “Seismic retrofit of RC columns with continuous carbon fiber jackets.” J. Compos. Constr., 52–62.
Sezen, H. (2012). “Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints with fiber reinforced polymer composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 499–506.
Smith, S. T., Kim, S. J., and Zhang, H. W. (2010). “Behavior and effectiveness of FRP wrap in the confinement of large concrete cylinders.” J. Compos. Constr., 573–582.
Smith, S. T., and Teng, J. G. (2002). “FRP-strengthened RC beams. I: Review of debonding strength models.” Eng. Struct., 24(4), 385–395.
Wang, Z. Y., Wang, D. Y., Smith, S. T., and Lu, D. G. (2012a). “CFRP-confined large square RC columns. II: Axial cyclic compression stress-strain model.” J. Compos. Constr., 161–170.
Wang, Z. Y., Wang, D. Y., Smith, S. T., and Lu, D. G. (2012b). “CFRP-confined large square RC columns. I: Experimental investigation.” J. Compos. Constr., 150–160.
Zembaty, Z., Kowalski, M., and Pospisil, S. (2006). “Dynamic identification of an RC frame in progressive states of damage.” Eng. Struct., 28(5), 668–681.
Zhou, X. M., and Li, G. Q. (2010). “Shaking table tests of a steel-concrete composite high-rise building.” J. Earthquake Eng., 14(4), 601–625.
Zou, X. K., Teng, J. G., De Lorenzis, L., and Xia, S. H. (2007). “Optimal performance-based design of FRP jackets for seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete frames.” Compos. Part B, 38(5–6), 584–597.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 21 • Issue 1 • February 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2016
Accepted: Apr 13, 2016
Published online: Jun 20, 2016
Discussion open until: Nov 20, 2016
Published in print: Feb 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.