Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the FRP Shear Mechanism for Concrete Sandwich Panels
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 19, Issue 5
Abstract
This paper investigates the composite action of 46 segments representing precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSPs) using a fiber-reinforced polymer [FRP; specifically, a carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP)] grid/rigid foam as a shear mechanism. The experimental aspect of the research reported in this paper examined the effect of various parameters believed to affect the shear flow strength for this CFRP grid/foam system. The parameters that were considered are the spacing between vertical lines of CFRP grids and the thickness of the rigid foam. Results of the experimental aspect of the research reported in this paper indicated that increasing the spacing between vertical lines of CFRP grid increase the overall shear flow strengths due to the increase of the bonded contact area of the rigid foam to the concrete surface. However, the overall shear stresses were decreased due to the increase of this interface surface area. Test results also indicated that increasing the rigid foam thickness decreases the overall shear flow strength when compared with the same quantity of CFRP grid spacing. A nonlinear three-dimensional (3D) FEM analysis was performed to model the behavior of the tested segments and to study the behavior of PCSPs. Results of FEM analysis were in good agreement with the experimental results. A design equation was developed to determine the shear flow strengths for the given CFRP grid/foam systems. The parametric study of the research reported in this paper was performed to predict shear flow strength of different FRP materials, rigid foam thickness, and spacing between vertical lines of the grid.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to acknowledge the contributions of AltusGroup and Metromont Corporation for providing support to the experimental aspects of the research reported in this paper. Furthermore, the writers are grateful for financial support of the Danish Agency for Science, Technology, and Innovation on the Danish-United States (USA) Network Program on Innovation and Development of Advanced Sandwich Elements for Sustainable Buildings using High Performance Concrete, Grant No. 1370-00008A. The writers would also like to thank Otto Młnsted Fund and Cowi Fonden for financial support of Kamil Hodicky during an external stay at North Carolina State University.
References
Al-Mahaidi, R., Zhao, X-L., Smith, S. T., and Bai, Y. (2013). “Structural performance of new thin-walled concrete sandwich panel system reinforced with BFRP shear connectors.” Proc., 2013 Asia-Pacific Conf. on FRP in Structures (APFIS 2013), Swinburne Univ. of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” C496/C496M-11, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014a). “Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.” C39/C39M-14, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014b). “Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression.” C469/C469M-14, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2014c). “Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials.” D3039D3039M-14, West Conshohocken, PA.
Benayoune, A., Samad, A. A. A., Ali, A. A. A., and Trikha, D. N. (2007). “Response of pre-cast reinforced composite sandwich panels to axial loading.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(3), 677–685.
Benayoune, A., Samad, A. A. A., Trikha, D. N., Ali, A. A. A., and Ashrabov, A. A. (2006). “Structural behavior of eccentrically loaded precast sandwich panels.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(9), 713–724.
Benayoune, A., Samad, A. A. A., Trikha, D. N., Ali, A. A. A., and Ellinna, S. H. M. (2008). “Flexural behavior of pre-cast concrete sandwich composite panel—Experimental and theoretical investigations.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(4), 580–592.
Bunn, W. G. (2011). “CFRP grid/rigid foam shear transfer mechanism for precast, prestressed concrete sandwich wall panels.” M.Sc. thesis, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Bush, T. D., and Stine, G. L. (1994). “Flexural behavior of composite precast concrete sandwich panels with continuous truss connectors.” PCI J., 39(2), 112–121.
Bush, T. D., and Wu, Z. (1998). “Flexural analysis of prestressed concrete sandwich panels with truss connectors.” PCI J., 43(5), 76–86.
DIANA version 9.4.4 [Computer software]. Delft, The Netherlands, TNO Diana.
Einea, A., Salmon, D. C., Fogarasi, G. J., Culp, T. D., and Tadros, M. K. (1991). “State-of the-art of precast concrete sandwich panel.” PCI J., 36(6), 78–98.
Einea, A., Salmon, D. C., Tadros, M. K., and Culp, T. (1994). “A new structurally and thermally efficient precast sandwich panel system.” PCI J., 39(4), 90–101.
Frankl, B., Lucier, G., Hassan, T., and Rizkalla, S. (2011). “Behavior of precast, prestressed concrete sandwich wall panels reinforced with CFRP grid.” PCI J., 56(2), 42–54.
Frankl, B., Lucier, G., Rizkalla, S., Blaszak, G., and Harmon, T. (2008). “Structural behavior of insulated prestressed concrete sandwich panels reinforced with FRP grid.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Civil Engineering, EMPA-Akademie, Switzerland.
Gara, F., Ragni, L., Roia, D., and Dezi, L. (2012). “Experimental tests and numerical modelling of wall sandwich panels.” Eng. Struct., 37, 193–204.
Glech, H. (2007). “New carbon fiber reinforcement advances sandwich wall panels.” Struct. Mag., 61–63.
Hassan, T. K., and Rizkalla, S. H. (2010). “Analysis and design guidelines of precast, prestressed concrete, composite load-bearing sandwich wall panels reinforced with CFRP grid.” PCI J., 55(2), 147–162.
Hodicky, K. (2015). “Analysis and development of advanced sandwich elements for sustainable buildings.” Ph.D. thesis, Technical Univ. of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Lameiras, R., Barros, J., Azenha, M., and Valente, I. B. (2013a). “Development of sandwich panels combining fibre reinforced concrete layers and fibre reinforced polymer connectors. Part I: Conception and pull-out tests.” Compos. Struct., 105, 446–459.
Lameiras, R., Barros, J., Azenha, M., and Valente, I. B. (2013b). “Development of sandwich panels combining fibre reinforced concrete layers and fibre reinforced polymer connectors. Part II: Evaluation of mechanical behavior.” Compos. Struct., 105, 460–470.
Lee, B., and Pessiki, S. (2008). “Experimental evaluation of precast, prestressed concrete, three-wythe sandwich wall panels.” PCI J., 53(2), 95–115.
Mackerle, J. (2002). “Finite element analyses of sandwich structures: A bibliography (1980–2001).” Eng. Comput., 19(2), 206–245.
Maximos, H. N., Pong, W. A., Tadros, M. K., and Martin, L. D. (2007). “Behavior and design of composite precast prestressed concrete sandwich panels with NU-tie.” Final Rep. Prepared for the Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
Metelli, G., Bettini, N., and Plizzari, G. (2011). “Experimental and numerical studies on the behavior of concrete sandwich panels.” Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 15(10), 1465–1481.
Morcous, G., Tadros, M. K., Lafferty, M., and Gremel, D. (2010). “Optimised NU sandwich panel system for energy, composite action and production efficiency.” Third Int. fib Congress Incorporating the PCI Annual Convention and Bridge Conf. 2010, Precast Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago.
Naito, C., Beacraft, M., Hoemann, J., and Bewick, B. (2012). “Performance and characterization of shear ties for use in insulated precast concrete sandwich wall panels.” J. Struct. Eng., 52–61.
PCI Sandwich Wall Committee. (1997). “State-of-the-art of precast/prestressed sandwich wall panels.” J. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Inst., 42(2), 1–60.
Pessiki, S., and Mlynarczyk, A. (2003). “Experimental evaluation of the composite behavior of precast concrete sandwich wall panels.” PCI J., 48(2), 54–71.
Rizkalla, S. H., Hassan, T. K., and Lucier, G. (2009). “FRP shear transfer mechanism for precast, prestressed concrete sandwich load-bearing panels.” ACI Special Publication (SP) 265, Farmington Hills, MI, 603–625.
Salmon, D. C., Einea, A., Tadros, M. K., and Culp, T. D. (1997). “Full scale testing of precast concrete sandwich panels.” ACI Struct. J., 94(4), 354–362.
Schladitz, F., Frenzel, M., Ehlig, D., and Curbach, M. (2012). “Bending load capacity of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with textile reinforced concrete.” Eng. Struct., 40(0), 317–326.
Sopal, G. J. (2013). “Use of CFRP grid as shear transfer mechanism for precast concrete sandwich wall panels.” Ph.D. thesis, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC.
Soriano, J., and Rizkalla, S. (2013). “Use of FRP grid for the composite action of concrete sandwich panels.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer for Reinforced Concrete Structures, International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC).
TNO Diana. (2011). Finite element analysis user’s manual—Release 9.4.4, Delft, The Netherlands.
Wade, T. G., Porter, M. L., and Jacobs, D. R. (1988). “Glass-fiber composite connectors for insulated concrete sandwich walls.” Rep. Prepared for the Engineering Research Institute, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA.
Woltman, G., Tomlinson, D., and Fam, A. (2013). “Investigation of various GFRP shear connectors for insulated precast concrete sandwich wall panels.” J. Compos. Constr., 711–721.
Wu, Z., Wang, X., and Wu, G. (2012). “Advancement of structural safety and sustainability with basalt fiber reinforced polymers.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Civil Engineering, International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 19 • Issue 5 • October 2015
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 5, 2014
Accepted: Nov 21, 2014
Published online: Dec 19, 2014
Discussion open until: May 19, 2015
Published in print: Oct 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.