Prediction of Intermediate Crack Debonding Strain of Externally Bonded FRP Laminates in RC Beams and One-Way Slabs
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 18, Issue 5
Abstract
Interface crack propagation of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) flexural member is often initiated from the toes of the intermediate cracks and propagates towards the supports. This type of FRP delamination is commonly termed intermediate crack (IC) debonding and is common for flexural members with high shear span-to-depth ratios. If the ultimate FRP strain at IC debonding failure is known, the moment capacity of the member can be obtained through a simple section analysis. This research deals with the prediction of ultimate FRP strain at IC debonding, using neural networks and regression models. Basic information on neural networks and the types of neural networks most suitable for the analysis of experimental results are given. A set of experimental data for FRP-strengthened RC beams and one-way slabs, covering a large range of parameters, for the training and testing of neural networks is used. The available test results were not only compared with current code provisions but with equations proposed by other researchers as well. The prediction models based on neural network are presented. A new design equation is also suggested.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the research group project No. RGP-VPP-310. Thanks are also extended to the MMB Chair for Research and Studies in Strengthening and Rehabilitation of Structures, at the Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University for providing technical support.
References
Abbas, H., Alsayed, S. H., Amusallam, T. H., and Al-Salloum, Y. A. (2011). “Characterization of hole-diameter in thin metallic plates perforated by spherical projectiles using genetic algorithms.” Arch. Appl. Mech., 81(7), 907–924.
ACI Committee 318. (2011). “Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and commentary.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI Committee 440. (2008). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
Adhikary, B. B., and Mutsuyoshi, H. (2006). “Prediction of shear strength of steel fiber RC beams using neural networks.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(9), 801–811.
Ai-hui, Z., Wei-liang, J., and Gui-bing, L. (2006). “Behavior of preloaded RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates.” J. Zhejiang Univ. SCI. A, 7(3), 436–444.
Alagusundaramoorthy, P., Harik, I. E., and Choo, C. C. (2002). “Flexural behavior for R/C beams strengthened with CFRP sheets or fabric.”, Kentucky Transportation Center, College of Engineering, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
Al-Negheimish, A. I., Shuraim, A. B., Al-Zaid, R. Z., Al-Huzaimy, A. M., and El-Sayed, A. K. (2011). “Innovative procedure for strengthening wide shallow beam floor system using CFRP reinforcement.” 2nd year progress Rep., submitted to center of excellence for research in engineering materials (CEREM), King Saud Univ., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Rousan, R., Issa, M., and Shabila, H. (2012). “Performance of reinforced concrete slabs strengthened with different types and configurations of CFRP.” Compos. B Eng., 43(2), 510–521.
Al-Zaid, R. Z., Shuraim, A. B., El-Sayed, A. K., Al-Negheimish, A. I., and Al-Huzaimy, A. M. (2010). “Flexural strengthening of shallow reinforced concrete beams using CFRP plates.” 2nd Int. Structural Specialty Conf. (on CD-R), CSCE, Winnipeg, Canada.
Arduini, M., Di Tommaso, A., and Nanni, A. (1997). “Brittle failure in FRP plate and sheet bonded beams.” ACI Struct. J., 94(4), 363–370.
Arduini, M., and Nanni, A. (1997). “Behavior of precracked RC beams strengthened with carbon FRP sheets.” J. Compos. Constr., 63–70.
Azevedo, D. M. M., Juvandes, L. F. P., and Henriques, A. A. R. (2005). “Flexural strengthening with FRP systems experimental results vs. expected results based on actual design guidelines.” 3rd Int. Conf. on Composites in Construction, Lyon, France.
Bakay, R., Sayed-Ahmed, E. Y., and Shrive, N. G. (2009). “Interfacial debonding failure for reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer strips.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 36(1), 103–121.
Bakis, C. E., et al. (2002). “Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction – State-of-the-art review.” J. Compos. Constr., 73–87.
Bilotta, A., Faella, C., Martinelli, E., and Nigro, E. (2013). “Design by testing procedure for intermediate debonding in EBR FRP strengthened RC beams.” Eng. Struct., 46, 147–154.
Bonacci, J. F., and Maalej, M. (2000). “Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer for rehabilitation of corrosion damaged concrete beams.” ACI Struct. J., 97(5), 703–711.
Breña, S. F., Bramblett, R. M., Wood, S. L., and Kreger, M. E. (2003). “Increasing flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” ACI Struct. J., 100(1), 36–46.
Breña, S. F., and Macri, B. M. (2004). “Effect of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer laminate configuration on the behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr., 229–240.
Bsisu, K., Hunaiti, Y., and Younes, R. (2012). “Flexural ductility behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete beams using steel and CFRP plates.” Jordan J. Civ. Eng., 6(3), 304–312.
Buyukozturk, O., and Hearing, B. (1998). “Failure behavior of precracked concrete beams retrofitted with FRP.” J. Compos. Constr., 138–144.
Cameron, R. (2012). “Strengthening of RC beams with externally bonded and anchored FRP laminate.” M.S. thesis, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Ceroni, F. (2010). “Experimental performances of RC beams strengthened with FRP materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(9), 1547–1559.
Chahrour, A., and Soudki, K. (2005). “Flexural response of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with end-anchored partially bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer strips.” J. Compos. Constr., 170–177.
China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization (CECS 146). (2003). “Technical specification for strengthening concrete structure with carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate.” China Planning Press, Beijing.
Concrete Society. (2004). “Design guidance for strengthening concrete structures using fibre composite materials.” Concrete Society Technical Rep. 55, 2nd Ed., Camberley, Surrey, U.K.
David, E., Djelal, C., and Buyle-Bodin, F. (1998). “Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using composite materials.” 2nd Int. Ph.D. Symp. in Civil Engineering, Structural Concrete Laboratory of EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Dias, S., Juvandes, L., and Figueiras, J. (2004). “Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures in bending with CFRP.” Revista IBRACON de Estructuras, 1(1), 1–19.
Elsanadedy, H. M., Al-Salloum, Y. A., Abbas, H., and Alsayed, S. H. (2012). “Prediction of strength parameters of FRP confined concrete.” Compos. B Eng., 43(2), 228–239.
Fang, T. Q. (2002). “Study on U-shaped sheet behavior of anti-debonding in the concrete beam reinforced flexurally with FRP.” M.S. thesis, Tsingua Univ., China.
Fanning, P. J., and Kelly, O. (2001). “Ultimate response of RC beams strengthened with CFRP plates.” J. Compos. Constr., 122–127.
Farah, K., and Sato, Y. (2007). “Numerical simulation of debonding failure of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP.” Asia-Pacific Conf. on FRP in Structures (APFIS 2007), Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 799–804.
GangaRao, H. V. S., and Vijay, P. V. (1998). “Bending behavior of concrete beams wrapped with carbon fabric.” J. Struct. Eng., 3–10.
Gao, D., You, P., and Zhan, C. (2011). “Crack resistant performance and crack width of one-way slabs strengthened with FRP.” Appl. Mech. Mater., 71–78, 3810–3815.
Grace, N. F., Abdel-Sayed, G., and Ragheb, W. F. (2002). “Strengthening of concrete beams using innovative ductile fiber-reinforced polymer fabric.” ACI Struct. J., 99(5), 692–700.
Grace, N. F., Ragheb, W. F., and Abdel-Sayed, G. (2003). “Flexural and shear strengthening of concrete beams using new triaxially braided ductile fabric.” ACI Struct. J., 100(6), 804–814.
Grace, N. F., and Singh, S. B. (2005). “Durability evaluation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer strengthened concrete beams: Experimental study and design.” ACI Struct. J., 102(1), 40–53.
Gunes, O., Buyukozturk, O., and Karaca, E. (2009). “A fracture-based model for FRP debonding in strengthened beams.” Eng. Fract. Mech., 76(12), 1897–1909.
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE). (2001). “Recommendations for upgrading of concrete structures with use of continuous fiber sheets.”, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Japan, 256.
Juvandes, F. P. L. (1999). “Strengthening and rehabilitation of concrete structures using CFRP composites.” Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Porto (FEUP), Portugal (in Portuguese).
Kaminska, M. E., and Kotynia, R. (2000). “Experimental research on RC beams strengthened with CFRP strips.”, Dept. of Concrete Structures, Technical Univ. of Lodz, Poland.
Karbhari, V. M., Niu, H., and Sikorsky, C. (2006). “Review and comparison of fracture mechanics-based bond strength models for FRP-strengthened structures.” J. Reinforc. Plast. Compos., 25(17), 1757–1794.
Khomwan, N., Foster, S. J., and Smith, S. T. (2004). “Debonding failure in CFRP strengthened concrete beams.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2004), Taylor and Francis Group, London.
Kim, Y. J., Green, M. F., and Fallis, G. J. (2008a). “Repair of bridge girder damaged by impact loads with prestrtessed CFRP sheets.” J. Bridge Eng., 15–23.
Kim, Y. J., Wight, R. G., and Green, M. F. (2008b). “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with prestressed CFRP sheets: Using non-metallic anchor systems.” J. Compos. Constr., 44–52.
Kotynia, R. (2005). “Debonding failures of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded strips.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Bond Behavior of FRP in Structures (BBFS 2005), International Institute for FRP in Construction.
Kotynia, R., and Kaminska, M. E. (2003). “Ductility and failure mode of RC beams strengthened for flexure with CFRP.”, Dept. Concrete Structures, Technical Univ. of Lodz, Poland.
Kotynia, R., Walendziak, R., Stoecklin, I., and Meier, U. (2011). “RC slabs strengthened with prestressed and gradually anchored CFRP strips under monotonic and cyclic loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 168–180.
Kurtz, S., and Balaguru, P. (2001). “Comparison of inorganic and organic matrices for strengthening of RC beams with carbon sheets.” J. Struct. Eng., 35–42.
Kurtz, S., Balaguru, P., and Helm, J. (2008). “Experimental study of interfacial shear stresses in FRP-strengthened RC beams.” J. Compos. Constr., 312–322.
Lee, S., and Moy, S. (2007). “A method for predicting the flexural strength of RC beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer.” J. Reinforc. Plast. Compos., 26(14), 1383–1401.
Lopez, A., and Nanni, A. (2006). “Composite strengthening technologies.” Concr. Int., 28(1), 74–80.
Lu, X. Z., Teng, J. G., Ye, L. P., and Jiang, J. J. (2007). “Intermediate crack debonding in FRP-strengthened RC beams: FE analysis and strength model.” J. Compos. Constr., 161–174.
Maalej, M., and Leong, K. S. (2005). “Effect of beam size and FRP thickness on interfacial shear stress concentration and failure mode of FRP-strengthened beams.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 65(7–8), 1148–1158.
Matthys, S. (2000). “Structural behavior and design of concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP reinforcement.” Ph.D. thesis, Ghent Univ., Gent, Belgium.
Mazzotti, C., Savoia, M., and Ferracuti, B. (2008). “An experimental study on delamination of FRP plates bonded to concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(7), 1409–1421.
Meier, U. (1995). “Strengthening of structures using carbon fibre/epoxy composites.” Constr. Build. Mater., 9(6), 341–351.
Napoli, A. (2008). “RC structures strengthened with mechanically fastened FRP systems.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Miami, Florida.
National Research Council (NRC). (2012). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening existing structures (CNR-DT200 R1/2012).” Rome.
Neagoe, C. A. (2011). “Concrete beams reinforced with CFRP laminates.” M.S. thesis, Polytechnic Univ. of Catalonia, Spain.
Oehlers, D. J., Park, S. M., and Ali, M. S. M. (2003). “A structural engineering approach to adhesive bonding longitudinal plates to RC beams and slabs.” Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf., 34(9), 887–897.
Pan, J., Leung, C. K. Y., and Luo, M. (2010). “Effect of multiple secondary cracks on FRP debonding from the substrate of reinforced concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(12), 2507–2516.
Park, S. Y. (2001). “Ultimate strength of precast high-strength concrete beams strengthened in bending with different steel and glued FRP reinforcement ratios.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 5(4), 339–345.
Pham, H. B., and Al-Mahaidi, R. (2006). “Prediction models for debonding failure loads of carbon fiber reinforced polymer retrofitted reinforced concrete beams.” J. Compos. Constr., 48–59.
Quattlebaum, J., Harries, K. A., and Petrou, M. F. (2005). “Comparison of three CFRP flexural retrofit systems under monotonic and fatigue loads.” J. Bridge Eng., 731–740.
Rahimi, H., and Hutchinson, A. (2001). “Concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP plates.” J. Compos. Constr., 44–56.
Ramanathan, K. N. (2008). “Influence of FRP width-to-spacing ratio on bond performance of externally bonded FRP systems on one way concrete slabs.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Reeve, B. Z. (2005). “Effect of adhesive stiffness and CFRP geometry on the behavior of externally bonded CFRP retrofit measures subject to monotonic loads.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Rusinowski, P., and Täljsten, B. (2009). “Intermediate crack induced debonding in concrete beams strengthened with CFRP plates – An experimental study.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 12(6), 793–806.
Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. R. (1991). “RC beams strengthened with GFRP plates. I: Experimental study.” J. Struct. Eng., 3417–3433.
Said, H., and Wu, Z. (2008). “Evaluating and proposing models of predicting IC debonding failure.” J. Compos. Constr., 284–299.
Salib, M. N. (2012). “Flexural behavior of RC T- section beams strengthened with different configurations of CFRP laminates.” Int. J. Current Eng. Technol., 2(4), 418–426.
Sebastian, W. M. (2001). “Significance of midspan debonding failure in FRP-plated concrete beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 792–798.
Seim, W., Horman, M., Karbhari, V., and Seible, F. (2001). “External FRP poststrengthening of scaled concrete slabs.” J. Compos. Constr., 67–75.
Sena-Cruz, J., Barros, J., Coelho, M., and Silva, L. (2012). “Efficiency of different techniques in flexural strengthening of RC beams under monotonic and fatigue loading.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 175–182.
Shah, A. A., Abbas, H., Alsayed, S. H., Al-Salloum, Y. A., and Almusallam, T. H. (2012). “Predicting residual strength of non-linear ultrasonically evaluated damaged concrete using artificial neural network.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 42–50.
Smith, S. T., and Kim, S. J. (2009). “Strengthening of one-way spanning RC slabs with cutouts using FRP composites.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(4), 1578–1590.
Smith, S. T., Hu, S., Kim, S. J., and Seracino, R. (2011). “FRP-strengthened RC slabs anchored with FRP anchors.” Eng. Struct., 33(4), 1075–1087.
Smith, S. T., and Teng, J. G. (2001). “Interfacial stresses in plated beams.” Eng. Struct., 23(7), 857–871.
Smith, S. T., and Teng, J. G. (2002). “FRP-strengthened RC beams I: Review of debonding strength models.” Eng. Struct., 24(4), 385–395.
Spadea, G., Swamy, R., and Bencardino, F. (2001). “Strength and ductility of RC beams repaired with bonded CFRP laminates.” J. Bridge Eng., 349–355.
Tan, K. Y. (2003). “Evaluation of externally bonded CFRP systems for the strengthening of RC slabs.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO.
Teng, J. G., Smith, S. T., Yao, J., and Chen, J. F. (2003). “Intermediate crack-induced debonding in RC beams and slabs.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6–7), 447–462.
Topcu, I. B., and Saridemir, M. (2008). “Prediction of compressive strength of concrete containing fly ash using artificial neural network and fuzzy logic.” Comput. Mater. Sci., 41(3), 305–311.
Toutanji, H., Saxena, P., Zhao, L., and Ooi, T. (2007). “Prediction of interfacial bond failure of FRP-concrete surface.” J. Compos. Constr., 427–436.
White, T. W., Soudki, K. A., and Erki, M. (2001). “Response of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates and subjected to a high rate of loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 153–162.
Wu, Z., Islam, S. M., and Said, H. (2009). “A three-parameter bond strength model for FRP-concrete interface.” J. Reinforc. Plast. Compos., 28(19), 2309–2323.
Wu, Z. S., and Niu, H. D. (2007). “Prediction of crack-induced debonding failure in R/C structures flexurally strengthened with externally bonded FRP composites.” JSCE J. Mater., Conc. Struct. Pavements, 63(4), 620–639.
Yalim, B., Kalayci, A. S., and Mirmiran, A. (2008). “Performance of FRP-strengthened RC beams with different concrete surface profiles.” J. Compos. Constr., 626–634.
Yao, J., Teng, J. G., and Lam, L. (2002). “Debonding in RC cantilever slabs strengthened with FRP strips.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Advanced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications in Construction, Southampton Univ., U.K., 125–133.
Yao, J., Teng, J. G., and Lam, L. (2005). “Experimental study on intermediate crack debonding in FRP-strengthened RC flexural members.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 8(4), 365–396.
Ye, L. P., Cui, W., and Yue, Q. R. (2001). “Analysis and calculation of flexural strength of RC members strengthened with CFRP sheet.” Build. Struct., 35(3), 3–5 (in Chinese).
You, Y., Choi, K., and Kim, J. (2012). “An experimental investigation on flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFRP strips using a durable anchorage system.” Compos. B Eng., 43(8), 3026–3036.
Zhang, G. F., Kishi, N., and Mikami, H. (2003). “Influence of material properties of FRPs on strength of flexural strengthened RC beams.” Proc., 6th Int. Symp. on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS6), World Scientific Publications, Singapore, 327–336.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 18 • Issue 5 • October 2014
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 24, 2013
Accepted: Dec 9, 2013
Published online: Feb 19, 2014
Discussion open until: Jul 19, 2014
Published in print: Oct 1, 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.