Resistance Factors for Ductile FRP-Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 17, Issue 4
Abstract
To prevent damage caused by corroding reinforcement, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing bars have been used in place of steel in a relatively small but increasing number of structures in civil infrastructure. A concern with the use of traditional FRP bars, however, is the resulting lack of ductility. This problem has been overcome with the development of a new generation of composite reinforcement, ductile hybrid FRP (DHFRP) bars. However, standards that address the design of DHFRP bars are unavailable, and appropriate resistance factors for the use of DHFRP reinforcement are unknown. In this paper, a reliability analysis is conducted on tension-controlled concrete flexural members reinforced with DHFRP with the intent to estimate potential strength-reduction factors. Flexural members considered include a selection of representative bridge decks and building beams designed to meet strength requirements and target reliability levels dictated by relevant engineering standards. Nominal moment capacity is calculated from standard analytical models and is taken as first DHFRP material failure. Statistical parameters for load and resistance random variables in the reliability model are consistent with previous code calibration efforts. The resulting resistance factors ranged from 0.61–0.64 for tension-controlled sections, which indicates a potential increase in allowed strength with respect to flexural members using nonductile bars.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2009). Bridge design guide specifications for GRFP-reinforced concrete bridge decks and traffic railings, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010). Bridge design specifications, 5th Ed., American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2006). “Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2011). “Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
Atadero, R., and Karbhari, V. (2008). “Calibration of resistance factors for reliability based design of externally-bonded FRP composites.” Comps. Part B Eng., 39(4), 665–679.
Bakis, E. C., Nanni, A., and Terosky, J. A. (2001). “Self-monitoring, pseudo-ductile, hybrid FRP reinforcement rods for concrete applications.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 61(6), 815–823.
Bank, L. C. (2006). Composites for construction: Structural design with FRP materials, Wiley, New York.
Bank, L. C., et al. (2006). “Double-layer prefabricated FRP grids for rapid bridge deck construction: Case study.” J. Compos. Constr., 10(3), 204–212.
Belarbi, A., Watkins, S. E., Chandrashekhara, K., Corra, J., and Konz, B. (2001). “Smart fiber-reinforced polymer rods featuring improved ductility and health monitoring capabilities.” Smart Mater. Struc., 10(3), 427–431.
Berg, A. C., Bank, L. C., Oliva, M. G., and Russell, J. S. (2006). “Construction and cost analysis of an FRP reinforced concrete bridge deck.” Constr. Build. Mater., 20(8), 515–526.
Ceci, A., Casas, J., and Ghosen, M. (2012). “Statistical analysis of existing models for flexural strengthening of concrete bridge beams using FRP sheets.” Constr. Build. Mater., 27(1), 490–520.
Cheung, M., and Tsang, T. (2010). “Behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid FRP composite rebar.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 13(1), 81–93.
Cox, H. L. (1952). “The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials.” Br. J. Appl. Phys., 3(3), 72–79.
Cui, Y.-H., and Tao, J. (2009). “A new type of ductile composite reinforcing bar with high tensile elastic modulus for use in reinforced concrete structures.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 36(4), 672–675.
Eamon, C., Jensen, E., Grace, N., and Shi, X. (2012). “Life-cycle cost analysis of alternative bridge reinforcement materials for bridge superstructures considering cost and maintenance uncertainties.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 24(4), 373–380.
Eamon, C., and Rais-Rohani, M. (2008). “Structural reliability analysis of composite advanced sail for Virginia class submarine.” J. Ship Res., 52(3), 165–174.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2001). “Long-term effectiveness of cathodic protection systems on highway structures.”, McLean, VA.
Harris, H. H., Somboonsong, W., and Ko, F. K. (1998). “New ductile hybrid FRP reinforcing bar for concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr., 2(1), 28–36.
Hognestad, E. (1952). “Inelastic behavior in tests of eccentrically loaded short reinforced concrete columns.” ACI J., 24(2), 117–139.
Krenchel, H. (1964). Fiber reinforcement, Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Maghsoudi, A. A., and Bengar, H. A. (2011). “Acceptable lower bound of the ductility index and serviceability state of RC continuous beams strengthened with CFRP sheets.” Sci. Iran., 18(1), 36–44.
Monti, G., and Santini, S. (2002). “Reliability-based calibration of partial safety coefficients for fiber-reinforced plastic.” J. Compos. Constr., 6(3), 162–167.
Naaman, A. E., and Jeong, S. M. (1995). “Structural ductility of concrete beams prestressed with FRP tendons.” Proc., Int. RILEM Symp., Bagneux, France, 1466–1469.
Nowak, A. S. (1999). “Calibration of LRFD bridge design code.” National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Rep. 368, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Okeil, A. M., El-Tawil, S., and Shahawy, M. (2002). “Flexural reliability of reinforced concrete bridge girders strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates.” J. Bridge Eng., 7(5), 290–299.
Plevris, N., Triantafillou, T. C., and Veneziano, D. (1995). “Reliability of RC members strengthened with CFRP laminates.” J. Struct. Eng., 121(7), 1037–1044.
Ribeiro, S. E. C., and Diniz, S. M. C. (2012). “Strength and reliability of FRP-reinforced concrete beams.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, Taylor & Francis, London, 2280–2287.
Shield, C. K., Galambos, T. V., and Gulbrandsen, P. (2011). “On the history and reliability of flexural strength of FRP reinforced concrete members in ACI 440.1R.” ACI special publication SP-275, R. Sen, R. Seracino, C. Shield, and W. Gold, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
Shin, S., Kang, H., Ahn, J., and Kim, D. (2010). “Flexural capacity of singly reinforced beam with 150 MPa ultra high-strength concrete.” Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 17(6), 414–426.
Smith, J. L., and Virmani, P. Y. (1996). “Performance of epoxy-coated rebars in bridge decks.” Public Roads, 60(2), 6–12.
Szerszen, M. M., and Nowak, A. S. (2003). “Calibration of design code for buildings (ACI 318): Part 2—Reliability analysis and resistance factors.” ACI Struct. J., 100(3), 383–391.
Tamuzs, V., and Tepfers, R. (1995). “Non-metallic (FRP) reinforcement for concrete structures.” Proc., Int. RILEM Symp., Ghent, Belgium, 18–25.
Wang, N., Ellingwood, B., and Zureick, A.-H. (2010). “Reliability-based evaluation of flexural members strengthened with externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites.” J. Struct. Eng., 136(9), 1151–1160.
Wieghaus, K., and Atadero, R. (2011). “Effect of existing structure and FRP uncertainties on the reliability of FRP-based repair.” J. Compos. Constr., 15(4), 635–643.
Wierschem, N., and Andrawes, B. (2010). “Superelastic SMA-FRP composite reinforcement for concrete structures.” Smart Mater. Struct., 19(2), 025011.
Won, J.-P., Park, C.-G., and Jang, C.-I. (2007). “Tensile facture and bond properties of ductile hybrid FRP reinforcing bars.” Poly. Poly. Compos., 15(1), 9–16.
Zureick, A.-H., Bennett, R. M., and Ellingwood, B. R. (2006). “Statistical characterization of FRP composite material properties for structural design.” J. Struct. Eng., 132(8), 1320–1327.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 17 • Issue 4 • August 2013
Pages: 566 - 573
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 19, 2012
Accepted: Jan 14, 2013
Published online: Jan 16, 2013
Discussion open until: Jun 16, 2013
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.