Impact Response of Externally Strengthened Unreinforced Masonry Walls Using CFRP
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 13, Issue 4
Abstract
Research reported herein investigates the out-of-plane impact resistance of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites, externally applied in sheets to one face of the wall. Two analytical methods based on energy principle and wave propagation theory and a finite-element-based numerical model have been developed, assuming a perfect bond at composite–masonry interface with an equivalent stiffness of the system. Full-scale impact tests are conducted for verification purpose, where three tall URM concrete walls (one unstrengthened and two strengthened with continuous unidirectional and woven CFRP sheets) are vertically tested up to cracking using a pendulum drop-weight impact tester. The test results compare reasonably well with those obtained from the analyses and simulation. It is found that the energy and finite-element methods can provide reasonable estimates for peak impact force and wall deflection, whereas the wave propagation method is rather limited by its applicability. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the effect of impactor mass, velocity, amount of CFRP reinforcement, and property of masonry material using the developed models.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Abrate, S. (1998). Impact on composite structures, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2005). Building code requirements for masonry structures, Reston, Va.
ASTM. (2005a). “Standard test method for compressive strength of masonry prisms.” ASTM C 1314-03b, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2005b). “Standard test method for sampling and testing grout.” ASTM C 1019-03, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Dennis, S. T., Baylot, J. T., and Woodson, S. C. (2002). “Response of -scale concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls to blast.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(2), 134–142.
Ehsani, M. R., Saadatmanesh, H., and Velazquez-Dimas, J. I. (1999). “Behavior of retrofitted URM walls under simulated earthquake loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 3(3), 134–142.
Erki, M. A., and Meier, U. (1999). “Impact loading of concrete beams externally strengthened with CFRP laminates.” J. Compos. Constr., 3(3), 117–124.
Gilbert, M., Hobbs, B., and Molyneaux, T. C. K. (2002). “The performance of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to low-velocity impacts: Experiments.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 27, 231–251.
Hamed, E., and Rabinovitch, O. (2005). “Out-of-plane bending of URM walls strengthened with FRP strips—Modeling and analysis.” 7th Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, ACI SP-230-15.
Hamilton, H. R., III, and Dolan, C. W. (2001). “Flexural capacity of glass FRP strengthened concrete masonry walls.” J. Compos. Constr., 5(3), 170–178.
Hamoush, S., McGinley, M., Mlakar, P., Scott, D., and Murray, K. (2001). “Out-of-plane strengthening of masonry walls with reinforced composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 5(3), 139–145.
Helms, J. E., Li, G., and Pang, S. S. (2001). “Impact response of a composite laminate bonded to a metal substrate.” J. Compos. Mater., 35(3), 237–252.
Hibbit, Karlson and Sorenson (HKS). (2007). ABAQUS/standard user’s manual, Version 6.5, ABAQUS Inc.
Kariotis, J. C. (1991). “Seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry buildings shaken by the Loma Prieta Earthquake.” Proc., ASCE Structures Congress, ASCE, Reston, Va., 30–33.
Mathsoft Engineering and Education, Inc. (2005). MathCAD, Version 13.1.
Olsson, R. (1992). “Impact response of orthotropic composite plates predicted from a one-parameter differential equation.” AIAA J., 30(6), 1587–1596.
Olsson, R. (2000). “Mass criterion for wave controlled impact response of composite plates.” Composites, Part A, 31, 879–887.
Reddy, J. N. (2007). Theory and analysis of elastic plates and shells, 2nd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Schmidt, M., and Cheng, L. (2007). “Impact response of masonry structures strengthened with composite materials: Analysis and modeling.” Final Rep., Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.
Sun, C. T., and Yang, S. H. (1980). “Contact law and impact response of laminated composites.” NASACR-159884.
Tan, K. H., and Patoary, M. K. H. (2004). “Strengthening of masonry walls against out-of-plane loads using fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr., 8(1), 79–87.
Tang, T., and Saadatmanesh, H. (2005). “Analytical and experimental studies of fiber-reinforced polymer strengthened concrete beams under impact loading.” ACI Struct. J., 102(1), 139–149.
Timoshenko, S., and Woinowsky-Kreiger, S. (1959). Theory of plates and shells, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Triantafillou, T. C. (1998). “Strengthening of masonry structures using epoxy-bonded FRP laminates.” J. Compos. Constr., 2(2), 96–104.
Velazquez-Dimas, J. I., and Ehsani, M. R. (2000). “Modeling out-of-plane behavior of URM walls retrofitted with fiber composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 4(4), 172–181.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 13 • Issue 4 • August 2009
Pages: 252 - 261
Copyright
© 2009 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 1, 2008
Accepted: Jan 6, 2009
Published online: Mar 6, 2009
Published in print: Aug 2009
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.