Barge Bow Force–Deformation Relationships for Bridge Impact-Resistant Design: Development and Assessment Using Shock Spectrum Approximation
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 12
Abstract
Force–deformation relationships of waterway vessels play an important role in the impact-resistant design of bridge structures. Characterizations of barge bow force–deformation (i.e., crushing) behaviors found in design provisions and previous research are reviewed as part of the present study. Results obtained from use of the relationships in impact analyses are then compared with computed responses from high-resolution finite-element barge–bridge collision simulations. As motivated by the comparisons, new relationships are proposed to further enhance designer capabilities for head-on barge impact design. In developing the proposed relationships, a parametric study of nonlinear dynamic collision simulations is performed to account for impacted pier surface geometry and barge bow versus impacted surface widths. Considerations are also made for impact velocities and peaks in force magnitudes that can occur for deformations near to the onset of nonlinear bow crushing. Merits of the proposed force–deformation relationships are then assessed via the shock spectrum approximation method. Key characteristics of barge bow force–deformation relationships (e.g., initial stiffness, maximum force, residual force plateau, impulse) are identified across typical ranges of bridge vibration periods and also in relation to propensities of empirical curve components for bringing about severities in computed structural demands.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51978258 and 52008163), Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (No. 2021SK2052), the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project of Hunan Province (No. 2020RC3018), Hunan Traffic Science and Technology Project (No. 202027), and the Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation (kq2014052).
References
AASHTO. 2009. Guide specifications and commentary for vessel collision design of highway bridges. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2020. LRFD bridge design specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2006. Actions on structures. part 1-7: General actions-accidental actions. Eurocode 1. EN 1991-1-7:2006. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Consolazio, G. R., R. A. Cook, M. C. McVay, D. Cowan, A. Biggs, and L. Bui. 2006. Barge impact testing of the St. George island causeway bridge. Gainesville, FL: Dept. of Civil and Coastal Engineering, Univ. of Florida.
Consolazio, G. R., and D. R. Cowan. 2003. “Nonlinear analysis of barge crush behavior and its relationship to impact resistant bridge design.” Comput. Struct. 81 (8–11): 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(02)00474-1.
Consolazio, G. R., and D. R. Cowan. 2005. “Numerically efficient dynamic analysis of barge collisions with bridge piers.” J. Struct. Eng. 131 (8): 1256–1266. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:8(1256).
Consolazio, G. R., M. T. Davidson, and D. R. Cowan. 2009. “Barge bow force-deformation relationships for barge-bridge collision analysis.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2131 (1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.3141/2131-01.
Cowan, D. R., G. R. Consolazio, and M. T. Davidson. 2015. “Response-Spectrum analysis for barge impacts on bridge structures.” J. Bridge Eng. 20 (12): 04015017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000772.
Davidson, M. T., G. R. Consolazio, and D. J. Getter. 2010. “Dynamic amplification of pier column internal forces due to barge–bridge collision.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2172 (1): 11–22. https://doi.org/10.3141/2172-02.
Fan, W., W. Guo, Y. Sun, B. Chen, and X. Shao. 2018. “Experimental and numerical investigations of a novel steel-UHPFRC composite fender for bridge protection in vessel collisions.” Ocean Eng. 165: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.07.028.
Fan, W., Y. Liu, B. Liu, and W. Guo. 2016a. “Dynamic ship-impact load on bridge structures emphasizing shock spectrum approximation.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (10): 04016057. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000929.
Fan, W., D. Shen, X. Huang, and Y. Sun. 2020a. “Reinforced concrete bridge structures under barge impacts: FE modeling, dynamic behaviors, and UHPFRC-based strengthening.” Ocean Eng. 216: 108116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108116.
Fan, W., Y. Sun, C. Yang, W. Sun, and Y. He. 2020b. “Assessing the response and fragility of concrete bridges under multi-hazard effect of vessel impact and corrosion.” Eng. Struct. 225: 111279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111279.
Fan, W., and W. C. Yuan. 2012. “Shock spectrum analysis method for dynamic demand of bridge structures subjected to barge collisions.” Comput. Struct. 90–91: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.10.015.
Fan, W., and W. C. Yuan. 2014. “Ship bow force-deformation curves for ship-impact demand of bridges considering effect of pile-cap depth.” Shock Vib. 2014 (1): 19.
Fan, W., W. C. Yuan, and M. Zhou. 2011. “A nonlinear dynamic macro-element for demand assessment of bridge substructures subjected to ship collision.” J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 12 (11): 826–836. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1100187.
Fan, W., Y. Y. Zhang, and B. Liu. 2016b. “Modal combination rule for shock spectrum analysis of bridge structures subjected to barge collisions.” J. Eng. Mech. 142 (2): 04015083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001004.
Fan, W., Z. Zhong, X. Huang, W. Sun, and W. Mao. 2022. “Multi-platform simulation of reinforced concrete structures under impact loading.” Eng. Struct. 266: 114523.
Fujikake, K., B. Li, and S. Soeun. 2009. “Impact response of reinforced concrete beam and Its analytical evaluation.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (8): 938–950. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000039.
Getter, D. J., and G. R. Consolazio. 2011. “Relationships of barge bow force-deformation for bridge design: Probabilistic consideration of oblique impact scenarios.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2251: 3–15. https://doi.org/10.3141/2251-01.
Getter, D. J., G. R. Consolazio, and M. T. Davidson. 2011. “Equivalent static analysis method for barge impact-resistant bridge design.” J. Bridge Eng. 16 (6): 718–727. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000224.
Getter, D. J., G. C. Kantrales, G. R. Consolazio, S. Eudy, and S. Fallaha. 2015. “Strain rate sensitive steel constitutive models for finite element analysis of vessel-structure impacts.” Mar. Struct. 44: 171–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2015.09.001.
Gholipour, G., C. Zhang, and A. A. Mousavi. 2020. “Nonlinear numerical analysis and progressive damage assessment of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collision.” Mar. Struct. 69: 102662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102662.
Jiang, H., J. J. Wang, and S. H. He. 2012. “Numerical simulation on continuous collapse of reinforced concrete girder bridge subjected to vessel collision.” [In Chinese.] J. Vib. Shock 31 (10): 68–73.
Kang, L., W. Fan, B. Liu, and Y. Liu. 2021. “Numerically efficient analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under lateral impact loading.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 179: 106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106564.
Kantrales, G. C., G. R. Consolazio, D. Wagner, and S. Fallaha. 2016. “Experimental and analytical study of high-level barge deformation for barge–bridge collision design.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (2): 04015039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000801.
LSTC (Livermore Software Technology Corporation). 2015. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual. Livermore, CA: LSTC.
Luperi, F. J., and F. Pinto. 2016. “Structural behavior of barges in high-energy collisions against bridge piers.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (2): 04015049.
Meier-Dörnberg, K. E. 1983. Ship collisions, safety zones, and loading assumptions for structures in inland waterways. Düsseldorf, Germany: Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Association of German Engineers).
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and AQSIQ). 2014. Navigation standard of inland waterway. GB 50139. Beijing: China Planning Publishing Press.
MoT (Ministry of Transport). 2012. Code for design of highway reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete bridges and culverts. JTG D62. Beijing: China Communications Press.
Oppong, K., D. Saini, and B. Shafei. 2020. “Vulnerability assessment of bridge piers damaged in barge collision to subsequent hurricane events.” J. Bridge Eng. 25 (8): 04020051. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001576.
Sha, Y., and H. Hao. 2012. “Nonlinear finite element analysis of barge collision with a single bridge pier.” Eng. Struct. 41: 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.026.
Yang, T. 2020. “Efficient analysis method of bridge structures subjected to vessel impacts based on fiber elements.” Master thesis, Dept. of Bridge Engineering, Hunan Univ.
Yuan, P., and I. E. Harik. 2010. “Equivalent barge and flotilla impact forces on bridge piers.” J. Bridge Eng. 15 (5): 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000080.
Zhang, J., X. Chen, D. Liu, and X. Li. 2016a. “Analysis of bridge response to barge collision: Refined impact force models and some new insights.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 19 (8): 1224–1244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433216634533.
Zhang, X., H. Hao, and C. Li. 2016b. “Experimental investigation of the response of precast segmental columns subjected to impact loading.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 95: 105–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.05.005.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 4, 2022
Accepted: Jul 14, 2022
Published online: Sep 28, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 28, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Xudong Ye, Wei Fan, Yanyan Sha, Xugang Hua, Qinglin Wu, Yongli Ren, Fluid-structure interaction analysis of oblique ship-bridge collisions, Engineering Structures, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115129, 274, (115129), (2023).