Evaluating OMA System Identification Techniques for Drive-by Health Monitoring on Short Span Bridges
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 9
Abstract
Drive-by health monitoring (DBHM) is an indirect structural health monitoring (SHM) strategy developed to reduce costs associated with traditional SHM systems on a variety of bridge structures. Experimental studies have successfully demonstrated DBHM’s bridge system identification capabilities; however, there exists a noticeable lack of full-scale experiments validating the methodology’s feasibility on highway bridges shorter than 18.28 m. Furthermore, few studies have used existing operational modal analysis (OMA) techniques, as the DBHM methodology violates fundamental OMA assumptions. This study addresses these research gaps by experimentally investigating the feasibility of employing OMA techniques in DBHM to identify the modal properties of a 9.14 m bridge span. Multiple OMA techniques were employed to identify their strengths and weaknesses under the DBHM framework. Results demonstrated that histograms constructed of frequencies identified across multiple tests were necessary to consistently identify bridge frequencies and that a tradeoff exists between vehicle mass and the speed at which bridge frequencies can be identified; this tradeoff also has an effect on the vehicle-on-bridge occupation time and the resolution of bridge frequencies. No single OMA technique was found to yield the best system identification capabilities in all test conditions; rather a combination of techniques is recommended, where the continuous identification of frequencies across multiple methods provides a means of reliably distinguishing between real and spurious frequencies and helps with accurately labeling vehicle and bridge frequencies.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation under grant #1633608. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. John Huff, Professor Jeff Poland, John Bell, Srivatsan Srinivasan, and MECALC Technologies for their support during DBHM testing.
References
Agdas, D., J. A. Rice, J. R. Martinez, and I. R. Lasa. 2016. “Comparison of visual inspection and structural-health monitoring as bridge condition assessment methods.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 30 (3): 04015049. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000802.
Azizinamini, A. 2009. “A new era for short-span bridges.” Modern Steel Construction. https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/modern-steel/archives/2009/09/2009v09_new_era.pdf.
Brincker, R., L. Zhang, and P. Andersen. 2001. “Modal identification of output-only systems using frequency domain decomposition.” Smart Mater. Struct. 10 (3): 441–445. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/3/303.
Cantero, D., P. McGetrick, C.-W. Kim, and E. OBrien. 2019. “Experimental monitoring of bridge frequency evolution during the passage of vehicles with different suspension properties.” Eng. Struct. 187: 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.065.
Chang, K. C., C. W. Kim, and S. Borjigin. 2014. “Variability in bridge frequency induced by a parked vehicle.” Smart Struct. Syst. 13 (5): 755–773. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2014.13.5.755.
Cheynet, E., J. B. Jakobsen, and J. Snæbjörnsson. 2017. “Damping estimation of large wind-sensitive structures.” Procedia Eng. 199: 2047–2053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.471.
Chopra, A. K. 2012. Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering. Upper Saddle River: Pearson/Prentice-Hall.
Ercolessi, S., G. Fabbrocino, and C. Rainieri. 2021. “Indirect measurements of bridge vibrations as an experimental tool supporting periodic inspections.” Infrastructures 6 (3): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030039.
Gkoumas, K., K. Gkoktsi, F. Bono, M. C. Galassi, and D. Tirelli. 2021. “The way forward for indirect structural health monitoring (ISHM) using connected and automated vehicles in Europe.” Infrastructures 6 (3): 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030043.
González, A., E. J. OBrien, and P. McGetrick. 2012. “Identification of damping in a bridge using a moving instrumented vehicle.” J. Sound Vib. 331 (18): 4115–4131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2012.04.019.
Heißing, B., and M. Ersoy. 2010. Chassis handbook: Fundamentals, driving dynamics, components, mechatronics, perspectives. Berlin: Springer.
Keenahan, J., E. J. OBrien, P. J. McGetrick, and A. Gonzalez. 2014. “The use of a dynamic truck–trailer drive-by system to monitor bridge damping.” Struct. Health Monit. 13 (2): 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921713513974.
Kim, C.-Y., D.-S. Jung, N.-S. Kim, S.-D. Kwon, and M. Q. Feng. 2003. “Effect of vehicle weight on natural frequencies of bridges measured from traffic-induced vibration.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr. 2 (1): 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857543.
Kim, J., and J. P. Lynch. 2012. “Experimental analysis of vehicle–bridge interaction using a wireless monitoring system and a two-stage system identification technique.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 28: 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2011.12.008.
Lin, C., and Y. Yang. 2005. “Use of a passing vehicle to scan the fundamental bridge frequencies: An experimental verification.” Eng. Struct. 27 (13): 1865–1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.06.016.
Liutkus, A. 2015. Scale-space peak picking. Research Rep. Villers-lès-Nancy, France: Inria Nancy - Grand Est. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01103123.
Locke, W., L. Redmond, and M. Schmid. 2021. “Experimental evaluation of drive-by health monitoring on a short span bridge using OMA techniques.” Vol. 2 of Dynamics of civil structures. Berlin: Springer.
Locke, W., J. Sybrandt, L. Redmond, I. Safro, and S. Atamturktur. 2020. “Using drive-by health monitoring to detect bridge damage considering environmental and operational effects.” J. Sound Vib. 468 (239): 115088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2019.115088.
Malekjafarian, A., and E. J. OBrien. 2014. “Identification of bridge mode shapes using short time frequency domain decomposition of the responses measured in a passing vehicle.” Eng. Struct. 81: 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.007.
Marrongelli, G., F. Magalhães, and Á. Cunha. 2017. “Automated operational modal analysis of an arch bridge considering the influence of the parametric methods inputs.” Procedia Eng. 199 (2): 2172–2177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.170.
OBrien, E. J., and A. Malekjafarian. 2016. “A mode shape-based damage detection approach using laser measurement from a vehicle crossing a simply supported bridge.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 23 (10): 1273–1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.v23.10.
Otto, A. 2021. “Ooma toolbox.” Downloaded from MATLAB Central File Exchange. Accessed February 9, 2021. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/68657-ooma-toolbox.
Pottinger, M. G. 2010. “Uniformity: A crucial attribute of tire/wheel assemblies.” Tire Sci. Technol. 38 (1): 24–46. https://doi.org/10.2346/1.3298682.
Qin, S., J. Kang, and Q. Wang. 2016. “Operational modal analysis based on subspace algorithm with an improved stabilization diagram method.” Shock Vib. 2016: 7598965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7598965.
Rainieri, C., and G. Fabbrocino. 2014a. “Influence of model order and number of block rows on accuracy and precision of modal parameter estimates in stochastic subspace identification.” Int. J. Lifecycle Perform. Eng. 1 (4): 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLCPE.2014.064099.
Rainieri, C., and G. Fabbrocino. 2014b. Operational modal analysis of civil engineering structures. Berlin: Springer.
Rainieri, C., G. Fabbrocino, and E. Cosenza. 2010. “Some remarks on experimental estimation of damping for seismic design of civil constructions.” Shock Vib. 17 (4–5): 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/737452.
Rainieri, C., D. Gargaro, G. Fabbrocino, G. Maddaloni, L. Di Sarno, A. Prota, and G. Manfredi. 2018. “Shaking table tests for the experimental verification of the effectiveness of an automated modal parameter monitoring system for existing bridges in seismic areas.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 25 (7): e2165. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.v25.7.
Rainieri, C., M. A. Notarangelo, and G. Fabbrocino. 2020. “Experiences of dynamic identification and monitoring of bridges in serviceability conditions and after hazardous events.” Infrastructures 5 (10): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5100086.
Siringoringo, D. M., and Y. Fujino. 2012. “Estimating bridge fundamental frequency from vibration response of instrumented passing vehicle: Analytical and experimental study.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 15 (3): 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.3.417.
Sun, L., and T. W. Kennedy. 2002. “Spectral analysis and parametric study of stochastic pavement loads.” J. Eng. Mech. 128 (3): 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:3(318).
Sun, M., M. Makki Alamdari, and H. Kalhori. 2017. “Automated operational modal analysis of a cable-stayed bridge.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (12): 05017012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001141.
Swaminathan, B. 2010. “Operational modal analysis studies on an automotive structure.” Master's thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Cincinnati.
Turi, E. Y. 2007. “Output only modal analysis.” Master's thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology.
Van Overschee, P. 1997. Subspace identification: Theory, implementation, application. 1st ed., 272. New York: Springer.
Yang, Y., and K. Chang. 2009. “Extraction of bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle enhanced by the EMD technique.” J. Sound Vib. 322 (4–5): 718–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.11.028.
Yang, Y., K. Chang, and Y. Li. 2013a. “Filtering techniques for extracting bridge frequencies from a test vehicle moving over the bridge.” Eng. Struct. 48 (12): 353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.025.
Yang, Y., and W.-F. Chen. 2016. “Extraction of bridge frequencies from a moving test vehicle by stochastic subspace identification.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (3): 04015053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000792.
Yang, Y., Y. Li, and K. Chang. 2012. “Using two connected vehicles to measure the frequencies of bridges with rough surface: A theoretical study.” Acta Mech. 223 (8): 1851–1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-012-0671-7.
Yang, Y., Y. Li, and K. C. Chang. 2014. “Constructing the mode shapes of a bridge from a passing vehicle: A theoretical study.” Smart Struct. Syst. 13 (5): 797–819. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2014.13.5.797.
Yang, Y., and C. Lin. 2005. “Vehicle–bridge interaction dynamics and potential applications.” J. Sound Vib. 284 (1–2): 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2004.06.032.
Yang, Y., and J. P. Yang. 2018. “State-of-the-art review on modal identification and damage detection of bridges by moving test vehicles.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 18 (2): 1850025. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455418500256.
Yang, Y.-B., W.-F. Chen, H.-W. Yu, and C. Chan. 2013b. “Experimental study of a hand-drawn cart for measuring the bridge frequencies.” Eng. Struct. 57 (4): 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.09.007.
Yang, Y.-B., C. Lin, and J. Yau. 2004. “Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle.” J. Sound Vib. 272 (3–5): 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00378-X.
Ziehl, P., T. Cousins, B. Ross, and N. Huynh. 2020. Assessment of structural degradation for bridges and culverts. Rep. No. South Carolina: Dept. of Transportation, Office of Materials and Research.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 24, 2021
Accepted: May 10, 2022
Published online: Jul 12, 2022
Published in print: Sep 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Dec 12, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Zhenkun Li, Yifu Lan, Weiwei Lin, Investigation of Frequency-Domain Dimension Reduction for A2M-Based Bridge Damage Detection Using Accelerations of Moving Vehicles, Materials, 10.3390/ma16051872, 16, 5, (1872), (2023).