Precast RC Blocks with Connections Composed of Steel Shear Keys and CFRP Sheets for the Superstructure of Temporary Bridges in a Postdisaster Situation
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 8
Abstract
Many bridges would be washed away due to giant tsunamis caused by the anticipated Nankai Trough earthquake. The accelerated bridge construction (ABC) concept should be applied to temporary bridge construction to save on-site construction time and help roads reopen immediately after the event. In this paper, a temporary bridge using precast reinforced concrete (RC) blocks with connections composed of steel shear keys and carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets is proposed. The proposed bridge facilitates rapid recovery from natural disasters and accordingly enhances disaster resilience. Bending and shear tests are conducted to investigate the effects of the proposed connection on the structural performance of beams. The experimental results indicate that the connection with an adequate CFRP sheet length provides sufficient flexural capacity for temporary bridges and does not negatively affect the shear capacity. Moreover, a 3D finite-element (FE) model is applied to simulate the bending tests. The FE model provides good agreement with the experimental results and can be applied to design the structural details of full-scale RC blocks.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant No. 19H00813).
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- a1 − a3
- shear span;
- d
- effective depth;
- E
- modulus of elasticity;
- Ec
- modulus of elasticity of concrete;
- Ef
- modulus of elasticity of a CFRP sheet;
- Es
- modulus of elasticity of reinforcement;
- concrete compressive strength;
- ft
- concrete tensile strength;
- fsu
- ultimate strength of a rebar;
- fsy
- yield strength of a rebar;
- Gc
- compressive fracture energy;
- Gf
- tensile fracture energy;
- h
- characteristic element length;
- Kn
- normal stiffness;
- Kt
- tangential stiffness;
- Ky
- unloading stiffness of B-2, B-3, or B-4 after the deflection = δy;
- Ky_1
- unloading stiffness of B-1 after the deflection = δy;
- K3
- unloading stiffness of B-2, B-3, or B-4 after the deflection = 3δy;
- K3_1
- unloading stiffness of B-1 after the deflection = 3δy;
- Pc
- initial crack load;
- Pm
- maximum load;
- Pw,full
- numerical result of a maximum load of a full-scale beam with steel shear key and a CFRP sheet;
- Pw0,full
- numerical result of a maximum load of a full-scale beam without connection;
- Py
- yield load;
- tf
- thickness of a one-layer CFRP sheet;
- TS1-2, TS3-4, and TS5-6
- average strain of a CFRP sheet;
- δc
- initial crack displacement;
- δm
- displacement at maximum load;
- δy
- yield displacement;
- ɛc
- strain at which concrete compressive stress reaches ;
- ɛcu
- ultimate strain at which concrete is completely softened in compression;
- ɛp
- strain at which concrete tensile stress reaches ft;
- ɛsy
- yield strain of a rebar;
- η
- ultimate elongation;
- σn
- normal tensile stress;
- σn,max
- maximum normal tensile stress;
- τt
- plane shear stress;
- τt,max
- maximum bond stress;
- τt,max,exp
- experimental value of maximum bond stress;
- ϕ
- diameter of a rebar;
- φmean
- mean of the ratio of τt,max,exp to τt,max;
- φstd
- standard deviation of the ratio of τt,max,exp to τt,max;
- ΔUn
- normal relative displacement to an interface; and
- ΔUt
- relative displacement tangential to an interface.
References
Adhikary, B. B., and H. Mutsuyoshi. 2001. “Study on the bond between concrete and externally bonded CFRP sheet.” In Proc., 5th Int. Symp. Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement Conc. Struct., 371–378. London: ICE Publishing.
Akiyama, M., D. M. Frangopol, M. Arai, and S. Koshimura. 2013. “Reliability of bridges under tsunami hazards: Emphasis on the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra 29 (S1): 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000112.
Akiyama, M., D. M. Frangopol, and H. Ishibashi. 2020. “Toward life-cycle reliability-, risk- and resilience-based design and assessment of bridges and bridge networks under independent and interacting hazards: Emphasis on earthquake, tsunami and corrosion.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 16 (1): 26–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1604770.
Ameli, M. J., and C. P. Pantelides. 2017. “Seismic analysis of precast concrete bridge columns connected with grouted splice sleeve connectors.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (2): 04016176. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001678.
CEB-FIP. 2012. CEB-FIP model code 2010. Final draft, volume 1 (65), Bulletin. Lausanne, Switzerland: fib.
Chajes, M. J., W. W. Finch, Jr., T. F. Januszka, and T. A. Thomson, Jr. 1996. “Bond and force transfer of composite-material plates bonded to concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 93 (2): 209–217.
Chen, Q., L. Wang, and H. Zhao. 2009. “Hydrodynamic investigation of coastal bridge collapse during Hurricane Katrina.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 135 (3): 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2009)135:3(175).
Chitty, F. D., C. J. Freeman, and D. B. Garber. 2020. “Joint design optimization for accelerated construction of slab beam bridges.” J. Bridge Eng. 25 (7): 04020029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001561.
Czaderski, C., and S. Olia. 2012. “EN-core round robin testing program—Contribution of Empa.” In Proc., 6th Int. Conf. Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Compos. Civil Eng. Kingston, ON: International Institute for FRP in Construction.
Dai, J., T. Ueda, and Y. Sato. 2005. “Development of the nonlinear bond stress–slip model of fiber reinforced plastics sheet–concrete interfaces with a simple method.” J. Compos. Constr. 9 (1): 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:1(52).
David, E., E. Ragneau, and F. Buyle-Bodin. 2003. “Experimental analysis of flexural behaviour of externally bonded CFRP reinforced concrete structures.” Mater. Struct. 36: 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479617.
Dönmez, A., M. Rasoolinejad, and Z. P. Bažant. 2020. “Size effect on FRP external reinforcement and retrofit of concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr. 24 (5): 04020056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001070.
Feenstra, P. H. 1993. “Computational aspects of biaxial stress in plain and reinforced concrete.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Gartner, A., E. P. Douglas, C. W. Dolan, and H. R. Hamilton. 2011. “Small beam bond test method for CFRP composites applied to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr. 15 (1): 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000151.
HERP (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion). 2013. “Long-term evaluation of Nankai Trough Earthquakes.” [In Japanese.] Accessed May 17, 2020. https://www.jishin.go.jp/regional_seismicity/rs_kaiko/k_nankai/.
Hordijk, D. A. 1991. “Local approach to fatigue of concrete.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Hu, B., and Y.-F. Wu. 2018. “Effect of shear span-to-depth ratio on shear strength components of RC beams.” Eng. Struct. 168 (1): 770–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.017.
Huang, C., J. Song, N. Zhang, and G. C. Lee. 2019. “Seismic performance of precast prestressed concrete bridge girders using field-cast ultrahigh-performance concrete connections.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (6): 04019046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001416.
Huo, J., J. Liu, X. Dai, J. Yang, Y. Lu, Y. Xiao, and G. Monti. 2016. “Experimental study on dynamic behavior of CFRP-to-concrete interface.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (5): 04016026. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000677.
Ishibashi, H., M. Akiyama, D. M. Frangopol, S. Koshimura, T. Kojima, and K. Nanami. 2021a. “Framework for estimating the risk and resilience of road networks with bridges and embankments under both seismic and tsunami hazards.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 17 (4): 494–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1843503.
Ishibashi, H., M. Akiyama, T. Kojima, K. Aoki, S. Koshimura, and D. M. Frangopol. 2021b. “Risk estimation of the disaster waste generated by both ground motion and tsunami due to the anticipated Nankai Trough earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (8): 2134–2155. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3440.
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). 2020a. Rolled steels for general structure. G 3101. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Standards Association.
JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard). 2020b. Steel bars for concrete reinforcement. G 3112. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Standards Association.
JRA (Japan Road Association). 2012. Specifications for highway bridges. Part II: Steel bridges. Tokyo, Japan: JRA.
JRA (Japan Road Association). 2017. Specifications for highway bridges. Part I: Common. Tokyo, Japan: JRA.
JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). 2017. Standard specifications for concrete structures: Design. Tokyo, Japan: JSCE.
Ju, Y. K., M.-H. Kim, J. Kim, and S.-D. Kim. 2009. “Component tests of buckling-restrained braces with unconstrained length.” Eng. Struct. 31 (2): 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.09.014.
Kishi, N., G. Zhang, and H. Mikami. 2005. “Numerical cracking and debonding analysis of RC beams reinforced with FRP sheet.” J. Compos. Constr. 9 (6): 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:6(507).
Ko, H., S. Matthys, A. Palmieri, and Y. Sato. 2014. “Development of a simplified bond stress–slip model for bonded FRP–concrete interfaces.” Constr. Build. Mater. 68: 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.037.
Li, Z.-X., X. Zhang, and Y. Shi. 2020. “Experimental study on the dynamic bond behavior between CFRP and concrete under different slip rates.” Eng. Struct. 216: 110788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110788.
Lu, X. Z., J. G. Teng, L. P. Ye, and J. J. Jiang. 2005. “Bond–slip models for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete.” Eng. Struct. 27 (6): 920–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.01.014.
Mashal, M., and A. Palermo. 2019. “Low-damage seismic design for Accelerated Bridge Construction.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (7): 04019066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001406.
Mehraein, M., and Saiidi, S. 2019. “Seismic performance and design of bridge column-to-pile shaft pipe–pin connections in precast and cast-in-place bridges.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (13): 1471–1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3209.
Mineyama, Y., Y. Sugimoto, K. Sugita, and T. Yamaguchi. 2020. “Development of an emergency bridge with the double end plate connection using high strength bolt.” In Vol. 101 of Proc., 16th East Asian-Pacific Conf. Struct. Eng. Constr., edited by C. M. Wang, V. Dao, and S. Kitipornchai, 385–394. Singapore: Springer.
Mohebbi, A., M. S. Saiidi, and A. M. Itani. 2018. “Shake table studies and analysis of a precast two-column bent with advanced materials and pocket connections.” J. Bridge Eng. 23 (7): 04018046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001247.
Mukhtar, F. M., and M. E. Shehadah. 2021. “Experimental verification of 2- and 3-D numerical models for bond–slip behavior of CFRP-concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 287: 122814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122814.
Mutalib, A. A., and H. Hao. 2011. “Numerical analysis of FRP-composite-strengthened RC panels with anchorages against blast loads.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil 25 (5): 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000199.
Nakaba, K., T. Kanakubo, T. Furuta, and H. Yoshizawa. 2001. “Bond behavior between fiber-reinforced polymer laminates and concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 98 (3): 359–367.
Palermo, A., and M. Mashal. 2012. “Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) and seismic damage resistant technology: A New Zealand challenge.” Bull. N.Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 45 (3): 123–134. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.3.123-134.
Qu, H., T. Li, Z. Wang, H. Wei, J. Shen, and H. Wang. 2018. “Investigation and verification on seismic behavior of precast concrete frame piers used in real bridge structures: Experimental and numerical study.” Eng. Struct. 154 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.10.069.
Savioa, M., B. Farracuti, and D. Mazzotti. 2003. “Non-linear bond–slip law for fibre-reinforced polymer–concrete interface.” In Proc., 6th Int. Symp. Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement Conc. Struct., 163–172. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company.
Shoushtari, E., M. S. Saiidi, A. Itani, and M. A. Moustafa. 2019. “Design, construction, and shake table testing of a steel girder bridge system with ABC connections.” J. Bridge Eng. 24 (9): 04019088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001464.
Tuwair, H., J. Drury, and J. Volz. 2019. “Testing and evaluation of full scale fiber-reinforced polymer bridge deck panels incorporating a polyurethane foam core.” Eng. Struct. 184: 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.01.104.
Varela, S., and M. Saiidi. 2017. “Resilient deconstructible columns for accelerated bridge construction in seismically active areas.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 28 (13): 1751–1774. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X16679285.
Wang, K., C. Zhao, B. Wu, K. Deng, and B. Cui. 2019. “Fully-scale test and analysis of fully dry-connected prefabricated steel–UHPC composite beam under hogging moments.” Eng. Struct. 197: 109380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109380.
White, S., and A. Palermo. 2016. “Quasi-static testing of posttensioned nonemulative column-footing connections for bridge piers.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (6): 04016025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000872.
Xiang, N., and J. Li. 2018. “Effect of exterior concrete shear keys on the seismic performance of laminated rubber bearing-supported highway bridges in China.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 112: 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.033.
Yeh, F.-Y., K.-C. Chang, Y.-C. Sung, H.-H. Hung, and C.-C. Chou. 2015. “A novel composite bridge for emergency disaster relief: Concept and verification.” Compos. Struct. 127 (1): 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.03.012.
Zhu, P., Z. J. Ma, and C. E. French. 2012. “Fatigue evaluation of longitudinal U-bar joint details for Accelerated Bridge Construction.” J. Bridge Eng. 17 (2): 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000255.
Zmetra, K., M. Mehr, and A. E. Zaghi. 2016. “Performance of pipe extender-shear key at in-span hinges of multiframe bridges.” Transp. Res. Rec. 2592 (1): 136–142. https://doi.org/10.3141/2592-15.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 8 • August 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 3, 2021
Accepted: Apr 6, 2022
Published online: May 30, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Oct 30, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.