New Simple Approach to Prediction of Axial Settlement of Single Piles under Design Load
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21, Issue 10
Abstract
Piles have been used to transfer superstructure (bridges, buildings, etc.) loads to deeper competent bearing strata to minimize settlements. Accurate predictions of design settlements of vertically loaded piles under working load are a critical issue in the design of pile foundations. Numerous comprehensive trials, built on a regression-based predictive formula that produces the axial settlement using elastic shortening as the input variable, were performed in this study, and a simple relationship was established between the elastic shortening of piles and the measured design settlements of 93 full-scale pile load tests installed in variable bearing materials. The calculated axial settlements of piles from the proposed method in this study were compared to the measured axial settlements of the piles. Accuracy and validity of the proposed method were verified through conventional statistical analysis in terms of mean of bias (λm) and coefficient of variation (μ). The proposed method yielded values of λm = 1.06 and μ = 0.15.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Akguner, C., and Kirkit, M. (2012). “Axial bearing capacity of socketed single cast-in-place piles.” Soils Found., 52(1), 59–68.
Baecher, G. B., and Christian, J. T. (2003). Reliability and statistics in geotechnical engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Briaud, J. L., and Tucker, L. M. (1988). “Measured and predicted axial response of 98 piles.” J. Geotech. Eng., 984–1001.
Brown, D. A., Morrison, C., and Reese, L. C. (1988). “Lateral load behavior of pile group in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1261–1276.
Butler, H. D., and Hoy, H. E. (1977). User’s manual for the Texas quick-load method for foundation load testing (FHWA-IP-77-8). Federal Highway Administration, Office of Development, Washington, DC.
Cao, Z. J., and Wang, Y. (2014). “Bayesian model comparison and characterization of undrained shear strength.” J. Geotech. Eng., 04014018.
Castelli, F., and Motta, E. (1997). “Settlement prevision of piles under vertical load.” Proc., ICE—Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 156, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 183–191.
Chen, J.-R. (1998). “Case history evaluation of axial behavior of augered-cast-in-place piles and pressure-injected footings.” Master’s thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
Chen, J.-R. (2004). “Axial behavior of drilled shafts in gravelly soils.” Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
Chernauskas, L. R. (1992). STAPRO static load testing simulation user manual, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Clark, J. I., and Meyerhof, G. G. (1972). “The behavior of piles driven in clay, an investigation of soil stress and pore pressure as related to soil properties.” Can. Geotech. J., 9(4), 351–373.
Coyle, H. M., and Reese, L. C. (1966). “Load transfer for axially loaded piles in clay.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 92(2), 1–26.
Cushing, A. G. (2001). “Small-strain elastic deformation of drilled shafts in axial uplift and compression loading.” Master’s thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY.
Das, B. M. (2004). Principles of foundation engineering, 5th Ed., Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc., Belmont, CA.
Davisson, M. T. (1972). “High capacity piles.” Proc., Soil Mechanics Lecture on Innovations in Foundation Construction, ASCE, Reston, VA, 81–112.
DeBeer, E. (1970). “Experimental determination of the shape factor and bearing capacity factors.” Géotechnique, 20(4), 387–411.
Der Kiureghian, A. (1990). “Bayesian analysis of model uncertainty in structural reliability.” Proc., 3rd IFIP WG7.5 Working Conf. on Reliability and Optimization of Structural System, A. Der Kiureghian and P. Thoft-Christensen, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 211–221.
Fellenius, B. H. (1980). “The analysis of results from routine pile load tests.” Ground Eng., 13(6), 19–31.
Fenton, G. A., and Griffiths, D. V. (2005). “Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement.” J. Geotech. Eng., 232–239.
Fenton, G. A., Griffiths, D. V., and Cavers, W. (2005). “Resistance factors for settlement design.” Can. Geotech. J., 42(5), 1422–1436.
Fleming, W. K., Weltman, A. J., Randoph, M. F., and Elson, W. K. (1992). Piling engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Finno, R. J., et al. (1989). “Summary of pile capacity predictions and comparison with observed behavior.” Geotechnical special publication 23, ASCE, Reston, VA, 356–385.
Gurbuz, A. (2007). “The uncertainty in the displacement evaluation of deep foundations.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Hart, L. J. (1998). “Development and field testing of multiple deployment model pile (MDMP).” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Hirany, A., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1988). “Conduct and interpretation of load tests on drilled shaft foundations: Detailed guidelines.” Rep. No. EL-5915, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
Hirany, A., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1989). “Interpretation of load tests on drilled shafts. I: Axial compression.” Foundation engineering: Current principles and practices, Geotechnical special publication 22, F. H. Kulhawy, ed., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1132–1149.
Hirany, A., and Kulhawy, F. H. (2002). “On the interpretation of drilled foundation load test results.” Deep foundations 2002, Geotechnical special publication 116, M. W. O’Neill and F. C. Townsend, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1018–1028.
Hsu, S. T. (2009). “Axially loaded behavior of driven PC piles.” AIP Conf. Proc., American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD.
Hussein, M., McGillivray, R., and Brown, D. (2012). “Knowledge is bliss—A case for supplemental pile testing to ascertain fidelity.” Proc., Full-Scale Testing and Foundation Design, ASCE, Reston, VA, 322–332.
Kwak, K., Kim, K. J., Huh, J., Lee, J. H., and Jae Hyun Park, J. H. (2010). “Reliability-based calibration of resistance factors for static bearing capacity of driven steel pipe piles.” Can. Geotech. J., 47, 528–538.
LaBelle, V. A. (1995). “Static and dynamic time dependent pile behaviour.” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA.
Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V. (1969). Soil mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Mandolini, A., Russo, G., and Viggiana, C. (2005). “Pile foundations: Experimental investigations, analysis and design.” Proc., 16th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Millpress, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Mayne, P. W., and Harris, D. E. (1993). “Axial load-displacement behavior of drilled shaft foundations in piedmont residuum.” FHWA Reference No. 41-30-3175, Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Geotechnical Engineering Div., Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta.
Meyerhof, G. G. (1959). “Compaction of sands and bearing capacity of piles.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 85(SM6), 1–29.
Ottaviani, M. (1975). “Three dimensional finite element analysis of vertically loaded pile groups.” Géotechnique, 25(2), 159–174.
Paikowsky, S. (1982). “Use of dynamic measurements to predict pile capacity under local conditions.” M.S. thesis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
Paikowsky, S., and Hajduk, E. L. (1999). “Design and construction of an instrumented test pile cluster.” Research rep., Massachusetts Highways Dept., Lowell, MA.
Paikowsky, S., LaBelle, V., Regan, J. and Chernauskas, L. (1994). “Pile settlement based on dynamic measurements.” Settlement 94: Vertical and horizontal deformations of foundations and embankments, Geotechnical special publication 40, ASCE, Reston, VA, 269–278.
Paikowsky, S., et al. (2004). “Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for deep foundations.” NCHRP Rep. 507, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
Paikowsky, S. G., and Lu, Y. (2006). “Establishing serviceability limit state in the design of bridge foundations.” Foundation analysis and design–Innovative methods, Geotechnical special publication 153, ASCE, Reston, VA, 49–58.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1999). “Characterization of geotechnical variability.” Can. Geotech. J., 36(4), 612–624.
Phoon, K. K., and Kulhawy, F. H. (2005). “Characterisation of model uncertainties for laterally loaded rigid drilled shafts.” Géotechnique, 55, 45–54.
Poulos, H. G. (1994). “Settlement prediction for driven piles and pile groups.” Settlement ’94: Vertical and horizontal deformations of foundations and embankments, Geotechnical special publication 40, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1629–1649.
Poulos, H. G., and Davis, E. H. (1990). Pile foundation analysis and design, 2nd Ed., Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL.
Randolph, M. F., and Wroth, C. P. (1978). “Analyses of deformation of vertically loaded piles.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., 104(GT12), 1465–1488.
Reese, L. C., and O’Neill, M. W. (1989). “New design method for drilled shafts from common soil and rock tests.” Foundation engineering: Current principles and practices, F. H. Kulhawy, ed.,Vol. 2, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1026–1039.
Reese, L. C., and Van Impe, W. F. (2001). Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Robinsky, E. I., and Morrison, C. E. (1964). “Sand displacement and compaction around model friction piles.” Can. Geotech. J., 1(2.81).
Seed, H. B., and Reese, L. C. (1957). “The action of soft clay along friction piles.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civil. Eng., 122, 731–754.
Sheng, D. C., Eigenbrod, K. D., and Wriggers, P. (2005). “Finite element analysis of pile installation using large-slip frictional contact.” Comput. Geotech., 32(1), 17–26.
Tak Kim, B., Kim, N., Jin Lee, W., and Su Kim, Y. (2004). “Experimental load–transfer curves of laterally loaded piles in Nak-Dong River sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 416–425.
Tan, Y., and Lin, G. (2013). “Full-scale testing of open-ended steel pipe piles in thick varved clayey silt deposits along the Delaware River in New Jersey.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 518–524.
Terzaghi, K. (1942). “Discussions on the progress report of the committee on the bearing value of pile foundations.” Proc., American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, Reston, VA, 311–323.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G. (1996). Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Tosini, L., Cividini, A., and Gioda, G. (2010). “A numerical interpretation of load tests on bored piles.” Comput. Geotech., 37, 425–430.
Vesić, A. S. (1977). “Design of pile foundations.” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Practice No. 42, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Zhang, L. M., Tang, W. H., Zhang, L. L., and Zheng, J. G. (2004). “Reducing uncertainty of prediction from empirical correlations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 526–534.
Zhang, L. M., Xu, Y., and Tang, W. H. (2008). “Calibration of models for pile settlement analysis using 64 field load tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 45(1), 59–73.
Wang, Y., and Cao, Z. J. (2013). “Probabilistic characterization of Young's modulus of soil using equivalent samples.” Eng. Geol., 159, 106–118.
Zhang, Q. Q., and Zhang, Z. M. A. (2012). Simplified nonlinear approach for single pile settlement analysis.” Can. Geotech. J., 49, 1256–1266.
Zou, X. J., and Zhao, M. H. (2013). “Axial bearing behavior of super-long piles in deep soft clay over stiff layers.” J. Cent. South Univ., 20(7), 2008–2016.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21 • Issue 10 • October 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 23, 2015
Accepted: Mar 22, 2016
Published online: Apr 22, 2016
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2016
Published in print: Oct 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.