Human-Induced Vibrations on Two Lively Footbridges in Milan
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21, Issue 8
Abstract
This article describes the results of extensive full-scale experiments carried out on two lively footbridges recently built in Milan, Italy. The objective of the study was to assess the dynamic characteristics of the bridges and the expected vibration level induced by pedestrians. A preliminary vibration analysis of the bridges revealed their potential sensitivity to human-induced vibrations in the vertical direction. Two sets of experiments were carried out, one before and one after the installation of tuned mass dampers. Furthermore, bridge vibrations during a marathon event were recorded and analyzed. Experimental and analytical results were compared for several loading scenarios.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Iper Montebello S.p.A., and especially to PE Caldognetto, for permission to use the experimental results obtained during the various campaigns and the kind assistance during the measurements. The authors also express their great gratitude to Prof. Solari (DICCA, University of Genoa) and PE Spinelli and PE Vintani (BCV Progetti s.r.l.) for their support and helpful discussions. This work was partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) through the PRIN cofinanced program Dynamics, Stability and Control of Flexible Structures (Grant 2010MBJK5B) and the University of Genoa (Progetto di Ateneo 2014 “Modelli semplificati per l?analisi dinamica delle strutture”).
References
Bachmann, H. (1992). “Case studies of structures with man-induced vibrations.” J. Struct. Eng., 631–647.
Bachmann, H., Pretlove, A. J., and Rainer, H. (1995). “Dynamic forces from rhythmical human body motions.” Vibration problems in structures: Practical guidelines, H. Bachmann, ed., Birkhauser, Basel, Switzerland, 185–187.
Brincker, R., Zhang, L., and Andersen, P. (2001). “Modal identification of output-only systems using frequency domain decomposition.” Smart Mater. Struct., 10(3), 441–445.
BSI (British Standards Institution). (2001). “Steel, concrete and composite bridges. Specification for loads, part 2 (BD37/01), appendix B.” BS5400, London.
BSI (British Standards Institution). (2008). “UK national annex to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures—Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges.” BSI 1991-2, London.
Brownjohn, J. M. W., Fok, P., Roche, M., and Omenzetter, P. (2004). “Long span steel pedestrian bridge at Singapore Changi Airport—Part 2: Crowd loading tests and vibration mitigation measures.” Struct. Eng., 82(16), 28–34.
Caetano, E., Cunha, A., Magalhães, F., and Moutinho, C. (2010a). “Studies for controlling human-induced vibration of the Pedro e Inês footbridge, Portugal. Part 1: Assessment of dynamic behaviour.” Eng. Struct., 32(4), 1069–1081.
Caetano, E., Cunha, A., Magalhães, F., and Moutinho, C. (2010b). “Studies for controlling human-induced vibration of the Pedro e Inês footbridge, Portugal. Part 2: Implementation of tuned mass dampers.” Eng. Struct., 32(4), 1082–1091.
Caetano, E., Cunha, Á., and Moutinho, C. (2011). “Vandal loads and induced vibrations on a footbridge.” J. Bridge Eng., 375–382.
Caprani, C. C. (2014). “Application of the pseudo-excitation method to assessment of walking variability on footbridge vibration.” Comput. Struct., 132, 43–54.
Caprani, C. C., Keogh, J., Archbold, P., and Fanning, P. (2012). “Enhancement factors for the vertical response of footbridges subjected to stochastic crowd loading.” Comput. Struct., 102–103, 87–96.
Carroll, S. P., Owen, J. S., and Hussein, M. F. M. (2014). “Experimental identification of the lateral human–structure interaction mechanism and assessment of the inverted-pendulum biomechanical model.” J. Sound Vib., 333(22), 5865–5884.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). (2004). “Design of timber structures—Part 2: Bridges.” EN 1995-2, Eurocode 5, Brussels, Belgium.
Dallard, P., Fitzpatrick, A. J., Flint, A., Bourva, L. S., Ridsdill Smith, R. M., and Wilford, M. (2001). “The London Millennium Footbridge.” Struct. Eng., 79(22), 17–33.
Ingólfsson, E. T., Georgakis, C. T., Ricciardelli, F., and Jönsson, J. (2011). “Experimental identification of pedestrian-induced lateral forces on footbridges.” J. Sound Vib., 330(6), 1265–1284.
ISO. (2007). “Bases for design of structures—Serviceability of buildings and walkways against vibration.” ISO 10137, Geneva.
JRC-ECCS (Joint Committee on Structural Safety–European Convention for Constructional Steelwork). (2009). “Design of lightweight footbridges for human induced vibrations.” JRC Scientific and Technical Rep., EUR 23984 EN, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
Krenk, S. (2012). “Dynamic response to pedestrian loads with statistical frequency distribution.” J. Eng. Mech., 1275–1281.
Nakamura, S. (2003). “Field measurements of lateral vibration on a pedestrian suspension bridge.” Struct. Eng., 81(22), 22–26.
Nakamura, S., Kawasaki, T., Katsuura, H., and Yokoyama, K. (2008). “Experimental studies on lateral forces induced by pedestrians.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(2), 247–252.
OHBCD (Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code). (1991). Commentary: C2 loads. Highway Engineering Division, Ministry of Transportation and Communication, Ontario, Canada.
Piccardo, G., and Tubino, F. (2009). “Simplified procedures for the vibration serviceability analysis of footbridges subjected to realistic walking loads.” Comput. Struct., 87(13–14), 890–903.
Piccardo, G., and Tubino, F. (2012a). “Dynamic response of Euler-Bernoulli beams to resonant harmonic moving loads.” Struct. Eng. Mech., 44(5), 681–704.
Piccardo, G., and Tubino, F. (2012b). “Equivalent spectral model and maximum dynamic response for the serviceability analysis of footbridges.” Eng. Struct., 40(7), 445–456.
Racic, V., Pavic, A., and Brownjohn, J. M. W. (2009). “Experimental identification and analytical modelling of human walking forces: Literature review.” J. Sound Vib., 326(1–2), 1–49.
Racic, V., Pavic, A., and Brownjohn, J. M. W. (2013). “Modern facilities for experimental measurement of dynamic loads induced by humans: A literature review.” Shock Vib., 20(1), 53–67.
Ricciardelli, F., Mafrici, M., and Ingólfsson, E. (2014). “Lateral pedestrian-induced vibrations of footbridges: Characteristics of walking forces.” J. Bridge Eng., 04014035.
SETRA (Service d’Études Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes). (2006). Footbridges—Assessment of vibrational behaviour of footbridges under pedestrian loading, Paris.
Tubino, F., and Piccardo, G. (2015). “Tuned-mass-damper optimization for the mitigation of human-induced vibrations of footbridges.” Meccanica, 50(3), 809–824.
Živanović, S. (2012). “Benchmark footbridge for vibration serviceability assessment under the vertical component of pedestrian load.” J. Struct. Eng., 1193–1202.
Živanović, S., Pavić, A., and Ingólfsson, E. T. (2010). “Modeling spatially unrestricted pedestrian traffic on footbridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 1296–1308.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 2, 2014
Accepted: Jun 1, 2015
Published online: Jan 20, 2016
Discussion open until: Jun 20, 2016
Published in print: Aug 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.