Effect of Entrapped Air on Solitary Wave Forces on a Coastal Bridge Deck with Girders
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21, Issue 2
Abstract
Recent tsunami and hurricane-caused destruction, and the possibility of both tsunami inundation and storms of even greater magnitude and frequency making landfall in the future, has focused attention on the vulnerability of coastal structures, and bridges in particular. Findings from a series of experiments measuring forces on a 1:35 scale bridge model impacted by a solitary wave with varying percentages of air relief openings (AROs) between girders are presented here. A range of water depths, wave amplitudes, and elevations of the model above the still-water level (SWL) are considered. Results show significant reduction of vertical uplift forces when AROs are added to the bridge model, particularly when the girders are fully elevated above the SWL or only slightly submerged, but relatively little effect on horizontal forces in the direction of wave propagation is observed. Buoyancy calculations show added hydrostatic force does not alone contribute to uplift forces, but rather a combination of hydrostatic force, wave impact force, and deformation of the wave must all be considered.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work is partially funded by the State of Hawaii’s Department of Transportation (HDOT) and the Federal Highway Administration through the HDOT Research Branch, Grant Nos. DOT-08-004 and TA 2009-1R. This funding to support research on tsunami-generated and hurricane-generated wave loads on coastal bridges is gratefully acknowledged. Any findings and opinions contained in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the funding agencies.
References
Boussinesq, M. J. (1871). “Théorie de l’intumescence liquide, appelée onde solitaire ou de translation se propageant dans un canal rectangulaire.” Acad. Sci. Paris, Comptes Rendus, 72, 755–759 (in French).
Bozorgnia, M., Lee, J.-J., and Raichlen, F. (2010). “Wave structure interaction: Role of entrapped air on wave impact and uplift forces.” Coastal Eng. Proc., 32, 1–12.
Bradner, C. (2008). “Large-scale laboratory observations of wave forces on a highway bridge superstructure.” M.S. thesis, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR.
Bullock, G. N., Crawford, A. R., Hewson, P. J., Walkden, M. J. A., and Bird, P. A. D. (2001). “The influence of air and scale on wave impact pressures.” Coastal Eng., 42, 291–312.
Cuomo, G., Shimosako, K., and Takahashi, S. (2009). “Wave-in-deck loads on coastal bridges and the role of air.” Coastal Eng., 56, 793–809.
Denson, K. H. (1978). “Wave forces on causeway-type coastal bridges.” Rep. No. A-118-MISS, Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS.
Douglass, S. L., Chen, Q., Olsen, J. M., Edge, B. L., and Brown, D. (2006). “Wave forces on bridge decks.” Office of Bridge Technology, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Ertekin, R. C. (1984). “Soliton generation by moving disturbances in shallow water: Theory, computation and experiment.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Ertekin, R. C., and Wehausen, J. V. (1986). “Some soliton calculations.” Proc., 16th Symp. on Naval Hydrodynamics, W. C. Webster, ed., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 167–184.
Goring, D. G. (1979). “Tsunamis—The propagation of long waves onto a shelf.” Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
Hayatdavoodi, M., and Ertekin, R. C. (2015a). “Solitary and cnoidal wave forces on a submerged horizontal plate, Part I: Theory and numerical analysis.” J. Fluids Struct., 54(April), 566–579.
Hayatdavoodi, M., and Ertekin, R. C. (2015b). “Solitary and cnoidal wave forces on a submerged horizontal plate, Part II: Results.” J. Fluids Struct., 54(April), 580–596.
Hayatdavoodi, M., Seiffert, B., and Ertekin, R. C. (2014). “Experiments and computations of solitary-wave forces on a coastal-bridge deck. Part II: Deck with girders.” Coastal Eng., 88, 210–228.
Hayatdavoodi, M., Seiffert, B., and Ertekin, R. C. (2015). “Experiments and calculations of cnoidal wave loads on a flat plate in shallow water.” J. Ocean Eng. Mar. Energy, 1(1), 77–99.
Hoshikuma, J., Zhang, G., Nakao, H., and Sumimura, T. (2013). “Tsunami-induced effects on girder bridges.” Proc., Int. Symp. for Bridge Earthquake Engineering in Honor of Retirement of Prof. Kazuhiko Kawashima, Tokyo, Japan, 1–13.
Marin, J., and Sheppard, D. M. (2009). “Storm surge and wave loading on bridge superstructures.” Structures Congress 2009, L. Griffis, T. Helwig, M. Waggoner, and M. Hoit, eds., ASCE, Reston, VA, 557–566.
MATLAB [Computer software]. Natick, MA, Mathworks.
McPherson, R. L. (2008). “Hurricane induced wave and surge forces on bridge decks.” M.S. thesis, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX.
Rayleigh, L. (1876). “On waves.” Philos. Mag., 1, 257–279.
Russell, S. (1844). “Report on waves.” British Association for the Advancement of Science Rep., 14th Mtg. York, 1844, J. Murray, ed., London, 311–390.
Seiffert, B. (2014). “Tsunami and storm wave impacts on coastal bridges.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Dept. of Ocean and Resources Engineering, Honolulu.
Seiffert, B., Hayatdavoodi, M., and Ertekin, R. C. (2014a). “Experimental investigation on the role of entrapped air on solitary wave forces on a coastal bridge deck.” Proc., 33rd Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Eng., ASME, San Francisco, 1–8.
Seiffert, B., Hayatdavoodi, M., and Ertekin, R. C. (2014b). “Experiments and computations of solitary-wave forces on a coastal-bridge deck. Part I: Flat plate.” Coastal Eng., 88, 194–209.
Seiffert, B., Hayatdavoodi, M., and Ertekin, R. C. (2015). “Experiments and calculations of cnoidal wave loads on a coastal-bridge deck with girders.” Eur. J. Mech. B. Fluids, 52(Sept–Oct), 191–205.
Takahashi, S., Tanimoto, K., and Miyanaga, S. (1985). “Uplift wave forces due to compression of enclosed air layer and their similitude law.” Coastal Eng., 28, 191–206.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 21 • Issue 2 • February 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 16, 2014
Accepted: Mar 31, 2015
Published online: Jun 19, 2015
Discussion open until: Nov 19, 2015
Published in print: Feb 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.