Numerical Study of an Integral Abutment Bridge Supported on Drilled Shafts
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 15, Issue 1
Abstract
The majority of integral abutment bridges (IABs) in the United States are supported on steel H-piles to provide the flexibility necessary to minimize the attraction of large lateral loads to the foundation and abutment. In Hawaii, steel H-piles have to be imported, corrosion tends to be severe in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and the low buckling capacity of steel H-piles in scour-susceptible soils has led to a preference for the use of concrete deep foundations. A drilled shaft-supported IAB was instrumented to study its behavior during and after construction over a 45-month period. This same IAB was studied using the finite-element method (FEM) in both two- (2D) and three dimensional (3D). The 3D FEM yields larger overall pile curvature and moments than 2D because in 3D, the high plasticity soil is able to displace in between the drilled shafts thereby “dragging” the shafts to a more highly curved profile while soil flow is restricted by plane strain beam elements in 2D. Measured drilled shaft axial loads were higher than the FEM values mainly due to differences between the assumed and actual axial stiffness and to a lesser extent on concrete creep in the drilled shafts and uneven distribution of loads among drilled shafts. Numerical simulations of thermal and stream loadings were also performed on this IAB.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The financial support of the state of Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) through KSF, Inc. is greatly appreciated and acknowledged. The writers are grateful to the Kii Bridge design-build team, which includes KSF, Inc., Geolabs, Inc., and Dick Pacific Construction. The cooperation of the drilled shaft contractor, Malcolm Drilling, is also greatly appreciated. The writers acknowledge the contributions of David Fujiwara of KSF, Inc. and Clayton Mimura, Robin Lim, John Chen, and Gerald Seki of Geolabs, Inc. The contents of this paper reflect the view of the writers, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the state of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, or the FHWA. The contents contained herein do not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
References
AASHTO. (2007). AASHTO LRFD design specifications, 4th Ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C.
Abendroth, R. E., and Greimann, L. F. (2005). “Field testing of integral abutments.” Final Rep. No. HR-399, Iowa State Univ., Iowa Dept. of Transportation, Ames, Ia., ⟨http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/reports/hr399.pdf⟩ (last accessed June 2008).
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1995). “Building code for structure concrete and commentary.” Rep. No. ACI 318R-95, ACI Committee 318, Detroit.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1996). “ACI manual of concrete practice, part 1, materials and general properties of concrete, prediction of creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects in concrete structures.” Rep. No. ACI 209R-92, ACI Committee 209, Detroit, Mich.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (1999). “Controlled low-strength materials.” Rep. No. ACI 229R-99, ACI, Farmington Hills, Mich.
Arockiasamy, M., Butrieng, N., and Sivakumar, M. (2004). “State-of-the-art of integral abutment bridges: Design and practice.” J. Bridge Eng., 9(5), 497–506.
Arsoy, S. (2000). “Experimental and analytical investigations of piles and abutments of integral bridges.” Ph.D. dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Arsoy, S., Barker, R. M., and Duncan, J. M. (1999). “The behavior of integral abutment bridges.” Rep. No. FHWA/VTRC 00-CR3, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, Va.
Bonczar, C., Brena, S. F., Civjan, S., DeJong, J., and Crovo, D. (2005). “Integral abutment pile behavior and design-field data and FEM studies.” Proc., 2005 FHWA Conf., Integral Abutment and Jointless Bridges (IAJB 2005), FHWA, Washington, D.C., 174–184.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J. (2002). User’s manual for PLAXIS 2D-version 8, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Brinkgreve, R. B. J., and Broere, W. (2004). User’s manual for PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION-version 1, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Christou, P. M., Hoit, M. I., and McVay, M. C. (2005). “Soil structure analysis of integral abutment bridges.” Proc., 2005 FHWA Conf., Integral Abutment and Jointless Bridges (IAJB 2005), FHWA, Washington, D.C., 233–243.
Civjan, S. A., Bonczar, C., Brena, S. F., DeJong, J., and Crovo, D. (2007). “Integral abutment bridge behavior: Parametric analysis of a Massachusetts bridge.” J. Bridge Eng., 12(1), 64–71.
Dicleli, M., and Albhaisi, S. M. (2004a). “Estimation of length limits for integral bridges built on clay.” J. Bridge Eng., 9(6), 572–581.
Dicleli, M., and Albhaisi, S. M. (2004b). “Effect of cyclic thermal loading on the performance of steel H-piles in integral bridges with stub-abutments.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 60, 161–182.
Dicleli, M., and Albhaisi, S. M. (2005). “Analytical formulation of maximum length limits of integral bridges on cohesive soils.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 32, 726–738.
Duncan, J. M., and Buchignani, A. L. (1987). An engineering manual for settlement studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.
Duncan, J. M., Byrne, P., Wong, K. S., and Mabry, P. (1980). “Strength, stress-strain and bulk modulus parameters for finite element analysis of stress and movements in soil masses.” Rep. No. UCB/GT/80-01, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
Duncan, J. M., and Chang, C. Y. (1970). “Nonlinear analyses of stress and strain in soils.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., 96(5), 1629–1653.
England, G. L., Tsang, N. C. M., and Bush, D. I. (2000). Integral bridges, a fundamental approach to the time-temperature loading problem, Thomas Telford, London.
Faraji, S., Ting, J. M., Crovo, D. S., and Ernst, H. (2001). “Nonlinear analysis of integral abutment bridges: Finite-element model.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(5), 454–461.
Fellenius, B. H. (2001). “From strain measurements to load in an instrumented pile.” Geotech. News, 19(1), 35–38.
Geolabs, Inc. (2003). “Geotechnical engineering exploration, Kamehameha Highway, drainage improvement, vicinity of Kahuku Hospital and replacement of Kii Bridge.” Rep. No. NH-083-1, State of Hawaii Dept. of Transporation, Honolulu.
Hayes, J., and Simmonds, T. (2002). “Interpreting strain measurements from load tests in bored piles.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Piling and Deep Foundations, Deep Foundations Institute, Hawthorne, N.J.
Janbu, N. (1963). “Soil compressibility as determined by oedometer and triaxial tests.” Proc., 3rd European Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Vol. 1, Wiesbaden, Germany, 19–25.
Kamel, M. R., Benak, J. V., Tadros, M. K., and Jamshidi, M. (1996). “Prestressed concrete piles in jointless bridges.” PCI J., 41(2), 56–67.
Khan, M. A. (2004). “Modeling and seismic analysis of integral abutments.” Proc., 2004 Structure Conf.: Building on the Past, Securing the Future, ASCE, Reston, Va., 1–9.
Khodair, Y. A., and Hassiotis, S. (2005). “Analysis of soil-pile interaction in integral abutment.” Comput. Geotech., 32, 201–209.
Knickerbocker, D., Basu, P. K., and Wasserman, E. P. (2005). “Behavior of two-span integral bridges unsymmetrical about the pier line.” Proc., 2005 FHWA Conf., Integral Abutment and Jointless Bridges (IAJB 2005), FHWA, Washington, D.C., 244–253.
Ladd, C. C., and Foott, R. (1974). “New design procedure for stability of soft clays.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 100(7), 763–786.
Ladd, C. C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H. G. (1977). “Stress-deformation and strength characteristics, state-of-the-art report.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. of Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Vol. 2, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 421–494.
Naval Facilities (NAVFAC). (1982). “Soil mechanics.” Rep. No. NAVFAC DM-7.1, Dept. of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Alexandria, Va.
O’Neill, M. W., and Reese, L. C. (1999). “Drilled shafts: Construction procedures and design methods.” Rep. No. FHWA-IF-99-0025, FHWA, Washington, D.C.
Ooi, P. S. K., Lin, X. and Hamada, H. S. (2010). “Field behavior of an integral abutment bridge supported on drilled shafts.” J. Bridge Eng., 15(1), 4–18.
Ooi, P. S. K., and Ramsey, L. T. (2003). “Curvature and bending moments from inclinometer data.” Int. J. Geomech., 3(1), 64–74.
Stroud, M. A. (1974). “The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rocks.” Proc., European Symp. on Penetration Testing I, National Swedish Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden, Vol. 2, 367–375.
Teng, W. C. (1962). Foundation design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Wood, D. M. (1999). “Numerical analysis of earth pressure on an integral bridge abutment.” FLAC and numerical modeling in geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 443–450.
Wood, D. M. (2004). Geotechnical modeling, E & FN Spon, London.
Wood, D. M., and Nash, D. (2000). “Earth pressures on an integral bridge abutment: A numerical case study.” Soils Found., 40(6), 23–38.
Wroth, C. P. (1972). “Some aspects of elastic behaviour of overconsolidated clay.” Proc., Roscoe Memorial Symp., G. T. Foulis and Co., Henley-on-Thames, 347–361.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2010
Pages: 19 - 31
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Jun 4, 2008
Accepted: Feb 16, 2009
Published online: Apr 14, 2009
Published in print: Jan 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.