Unsteady Supersonic Flows Past Two-Body Configurations with Different Separation Distances
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 1
Abstract
Three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to investigate supersonic flow over capsule/canopy two-body configurations at a freestream Mach number of 2.0 and a freestream unit Reynolds number of . Four cases representing different flow modes with varying distances from the forebody (capsule) to the afterbody (canopy) are carried out with detached eddy simulations. The flow evolutions and aerodynamic properties of the configurations are investigated. The pressure fluctuations on the inner surface of the afterbody show a strong correlation with the position of critical shear layers (containing high turbulence kinetic energy) in the wake of the forebody. A large pressure fluctuation is observed when the shear layer acts on the inner surface and vice versa. The drag of the afterbody mainly contributed by the pressure forces first decreases and then increases as the distance between the two bodies is increased. In addition, by analyzing the lateral force of the afterbody, it is found that the proximity of the bodies only has a weak effect on the lateral stability performance.
Practical Applications
The present study can provide suggestions for the design of supersonic parachutes. By investigating the flow evolution of four cases with varied proximity of the capsule/canopy two-body configurations (), it is found that only a configuration with a large enough (Case D in the present study) can sustain a bow shock of the canopy, leading to a more stable flow dynamic in comparison with the other three cases. Besides, Case D also features good aerodynamic performance, as the case sustaining a bow shock can provide a large magnitude of inner-surface pressure of the canopy due to the subsisting upward step of pressure (The step occurs when fluids cross shocks). Thus, a well-design supersonic parachute should be characterized by a large enough . Additionally, in Case D, there is a conical shear layer generated when the wakes of the capsule cross the bow shock of the canopy. The shear layer contains high turbulent kinetic energy, and a large pressure fluctuation is observed when the shear layer acts on the inner surface and vice versa. Therefore, “avoiding the shear layer acting on the inner surface of the canopy” may also be a useful suggestion for designs of supersonic parachutes.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This work was substantially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12072377 and 11702332) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2022JJ30678). This work was also partly supported by the Laboratory of Aerospace Entry, Descent and Landing Technology (Grant No. EDL19092126).
References
Barnhardt, M., T. Drayna, I. Nompelis, G. V. Candler, and W. Garrard. 2007. “Detached eddy simulations of the MSL parachute at supersonic conditions.” In Proc., 19th AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conf. and Seminar: Collection of Technical Papers. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Chen, N., H. Liu, Q. Liu, and Y. Wang. 2021. “Wake modification and noise emission of serrated NACA 65(12)-10 at moderate Reynolds number.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 34 (5): 04021056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001299.
Fan, J., J. Hao, C. Wen, and X. Xue. 2021. “Numerical investigation of supersonic flow over a parachute-like configuration including turbulent flow effects.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 21 (Feb): 107330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2022.107330.
Feng, J., J. Lu, and C. Shen. 2020. “Transverse forcing on supersonic, spatially evolving mixing layers.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 33 (4): 04020036. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001151.
Gidzak, V., M. Barnhardt, T. Drayna, I. Nompelis, G. V. Candler, and W. Garrard. 2008. “Simulation of fluid-structure interaction of the Mars Science Laboratory parachute.” In Proc., AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conf.: Collection of Technical Papers. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Gidzak, V., M. Barnhardt, T. Drayna, I. Nompelis, G. V. Candler, and W. Garrard. 2009. “Comparison of fluid-structure interaction simulations of the MSL parachute with wind tunnel tests.” In Proc., 20th AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems Technology Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Hao, J., J. Wang, and C. Lee. 2017. “Development of a Navier-Stokes code for hypersonic nonequilibrium simulations.” In Proc., 21st AIAA Int. Space Planes and Hypersonics Technologies Conference, Hypersonics 2017. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Huang, D. Z., P. Avery, C. Farhat, J. Rabinovitch, A. Derkevorkian, and L. D. Peterson. 2020. “Modeling, simulation and validation of supersonic parachute inflation dynamics during mars landing.” In Proc., AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Huang, M., W. Wang, and J. Li. 2022. “Analysis and verification of aerodynamic characteristics of Tianwen-1 mars parachute.” Space Sci. Technol. 2022: 9805457. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9805457.
Karagiozis, K., R. Kamakoti, F. Cirak, and C. Pantano. 2011. “A computational study of supersonic disk-gap-band parachutes using large-Eddy simulation coupled to a structural membrane.” J. Fluids Struct. 27 (2): 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2010.11.007.
Kitamura, K., and K. Fukumoto. 2020. “Numerical study of surface pressure fluctuation on rigid disk-gap-band-type supersonic parachutes.” AIAA J. 58 (12): 5347–5360. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J059190.
Li, Q., W. Yuan, R. Zhao, and H. Wei. 2022. “Study on effect of aerodynamic configuration on aerodynamic performance of mars ascent vehicles.” Space Sci. Technol. 2022: 9790131. https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9790131.
Menter, F. R. 1994. “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications.” AIAA J. 32 (8): 1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149.
Menter, F. R., M. Kuntz, and R. Langtry. 2003. “Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model.” Turbul. Heat Mass Transfer 4 (1): 625–632.
Muppidi, S., C. O’Farrell, C. L. Tanner, and I. G. Clark. 2018. “Modeling and flight performance of supersonic disk-gap-band parachutes in slender body wakes.” In Proc., 2018 Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conf. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Nishiyama, Y. 2013. “Aerodynamic characteristics of the supersonic parachute with its opening process.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Nagoya Univ.
O’Farrell, C., S. Muppidi, J. M. Brock, J. W. Van Norman, and I. G. Clark. 2017. “Development of models for disk-gap-band parachutes deployed supersonically in the wake of a slender body.” In Proc., IEEE Aerospace Conf. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE.
Peterson, D. M. 2011. “Simulations of injection, mixing, and combustion in supersonic flow using a hybrid RANS/LES approach.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, Univ. of Minnesota.
Pilyugin, N. N., and V. S. Khlebnikov. 2010. “Development of a parachute system for deceleration of flying vehicles in supersonic regimes.” J. Appl. Mech. Techn. Phys. 51 (5): 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10808-010-0080-4.
Sengupta, A., M. Wernet, and L. Hall. 2013. “Temporal characteristics of disk gap band parachutes from Mach 2 to 2.5.” In Proc., AIAA Aerodynamic Decelerator Systems (ADS) Conf. 2013. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Suhir, E. 2021. “Landing on Mars: Probabilistic modeling enables quantifying the last ‘six minutes of terror’.” Acta Astronaut. 179 (Feb): 680–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.11.033.
Van Leer, B. 1974. “Towards the ultimate conservative difference scheme. II. Monotonicity and conservation combined in a second-order scheme.” J. Comput. Phys. 14 (4): 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(74)90019-9.
Xue, X., H. Jia, W. Rong, Q. Wang, and C. Wen. 2021. “Effect of Martian atmosphere on aerodynamic performance of supersonic parachute two-body systems.” Chin. J. Aeronaut. 35 (4): 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2021.05.006.
Xue, X., H. Koyama, Y. Nakamura, and C. Wen. 2015a. “Effects of suspension line on flow field around a supersonic parachute.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 43 (Jun): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.02.014.
Xue, X., and Y. Nakamura. 2013. “Numerical simulation of a three-dimensional flexible parachute system under supersonic conditions.” Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. Aerosp. Technol. Jpn. 11: 99–108. https://doi.org/10.2322/tastj.11.99.
Xue, X., Y. Nakamura, K. Mori, C. Wen, and H. Jia. 2017. “Numerical investigation of effects of angle-of-attack on a parachute-like two-body system.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 69 (Oct): 370–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.06.038.
Xue, X., Y. Nishiyama, Y. Nakamura, K. Mori, Y. Wang, and C. Wen. 2018. “High-speed unsteady flows past two-body configurations.” Chin. J. Aeronaut. 31 (1): 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2017.08.016.
Xue, X., Y. Nishiyama, Y. Nakamura, K. Mori, and C. Wen. 2015b. “Parametric study on aerodynamic interaction of supersonic parachute system.” AIAA J. 53 (9): 2796–2801. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J053824.
Xue, X., Y. Nishiyama, Y. Nakamura, K. Mori, and C. Wen. 2016. “Numerical investigation of the effect of capsule half-cone angle on a supersonic parachute system.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 29 (4): 06016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000606.
Xue, X., and C. Wen. 2021. “Review of unsteady aerodynamics of supersonic parachutes.” Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 125 (Aug): 100728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100728.
Yang, X., L. Yu, M. Liu, and H. Pang. 2020. “Fluid structure interaction simulation of supersonic parachute inflation by an interface tracking method.” Chin. J. Aeronaut. 33 (6): 1692–1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cja.2020.03.005.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 29, 2021
Accepted: Aug 11, 2022
Published online: Oct 7, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Jianhui Fan, Jiaao Hao, Chih-Yung Wen, Nonlinear interactions of global instabilities in hypersonic laminar flow over a double cone, Physics of Fluids, 10.1063/5.0130901, 34, 12, (126108), (2022).