Optimization of Locations and Fiber Orientations of Piezocomposite Actuators on Flexible Wings for Aeroelastic Control
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 32, Issue 5
Abstract
Smart piezoelectric fiber composite materials have the potential to improve the aerodynamic properties and aeroelastic responses of flexible wings. Aeroelastic control performance significantly depends on the configurations of such anisotropic actuators. In this paper, configuration optimization of piezocomposite actuators, including locations and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fiber orientations, is investigated to enhance the aeroelastic control authority of flexible wings within a flight envelop. The effect of fiber orientation on the anisotropic actuation characteristics of the piezocomposite actuator is analyzed. A mathematical model of the piezocomposite-actuated flexible wings is established with the integration of the finite element model, actuation forces, and Theodorsen unsteady aerodynamic loads. An optimization approach is developed based on a controllability Gramian matrix and solved using a genetic algorithm (GA). The effects of fluid-structure interaction and flight speed on the optimal configurations of piezocomposite actuators are investigated and discussed. The results imply that both the best location and the PZT fiber orientation of the piezocomposite actuator are affected by fluid-structure interaction. The torsional modes receive greater controllability in aeroelastic control than the pure structural vibration control of flexible wings, and the optimal fiber orientations increase with flight speed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT18GF302).
References
Allik, H., and T. J. R. Hughes. 1970. “Finite element method for piezoelectric vibration.” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2 (2): 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620020202.
Arrieta, A. F., O. Bilgen, M. I. Friswell, and P. Ermanni. 2013. “Modelling and configuration control of wing-shaped bi-stable piezoelectric composites under aerodynamic loads.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol. 29 (1): 453–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2013.05.004.
Bae, J. S., N. H. O. Kyong, T. M. Seigler, and D. J. Inman. 2005. “Aeroelastic considerations on shape control of an adaptive wing.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 16 (11–12): 1051–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X05059965.
Barbarino, S., O. Bilgen, R. M. Ajaj, M. I. Friswell, and D. J. Inman. 2011. “A review of morphing aircraft.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 22 (9): 823–877. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X11414084.
Bilgen, O., L. M. Butt, S. R. Day, C. A. Sossi, J. P. Weaver, A. Wolek, W. H. Mason, and D. J. Inman. 2012. “A novel unmanned aircraft with solid-state control surfaces: Analysis and flight demonstration.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 24 (2): 147–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12459592.
Bilgen, O., K. B. Kochersberger, D. J. Inman, and O. J. Ohanian. 2010. “Novel, bidirectional, variable-camber airfoil via macro-fiber composite actuators.” J. Aircr. 47 (1): 303–314. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.45452.
Bisplinghoff, R. L., H. Ashley, and R. L. Halfman. 1996. Aeroelasticity. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Bruant, I., L. Gallimard, and S. Nikoukar. 2010. “Optimal piezoelectric actuator and sensor location for active vibration control, using genetic algorithm.” J. Sound Vib. 329 (10): 1615–1635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2009.12.001.
Chattopadhyay, A., C. E. Seeley, and R. Jha. 1999. “Aeroelastic tailoring using piezoelectric actuation and hybrid optimization.” Smart Mater. Struct. 8 (1): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/8/1/009.
Chee, C., L. Tong, and G. P. Steven. 2002. “Piezoelectric actuator orientation optimization for static shape control of composite plates.” Compos. Struct. 55 (2): 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(01)00144-1.
Choi, S. C., J. S. Park, and J. H. Kim. 2007. “Vibration control of pre-twisted rotating composite thin-walled beams with piezoelectric fiber composites.” J. Sound Vib. 300 (1–2): 176–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2006.07.051.
Crawley, E. F., and J. De Luis. 1987. “Use of piezoelectric actuators as elements of intelligent structures.” AIAA J. 25 (10): 1373–1385. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9792.
Dowell, E. H., R. Clark, and D. Cox. 2004. A modern course in aeroelasticity. New York: Springer.
Frecker, M. I. 2003. “Recent advances in optimization of smart structures and actuators.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 14 (4–5): 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X03031062.
Giurgiutiu, V. 2000. “Review of smart-materials actuation solutions for aeroelastic and vibration control.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 11 (7): 525–544. https://doi.org/10.1106/HYTV-NC7R-BCMM-W3CH.
Gohari, S., S. Sharifi, and Z. Vrcelj. 2017. “A novel explicit solution for twisting control of smart laminated cantilever composite plates/beams using inclined piezoelectric actuators.” Compos. Struct. 161 (Feb): 477–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.11.063.
Gupta, V., M. Sharma, and N. Thakur. 2010. “Optimization criteria for optimal placement of piezoelectric sensors and actuators on a smart structure: A technical review.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 21 (12): 1227–1243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X10381659.
Han, J. H., and I. Lee. 1999. “Optimal placement of piezoelectric sensors and actuators for vibration control of a composite plate using genetic algorithms.” Smart Mater. Struct. 8 (2): 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/8/2/012.
Hu, Z., M. Jakiela, D. M. Pitt, and J. K. Burnham. 2004. “Reducing aerodynamic vibration with piezoelectric actuators: A genetic algorithm optimization.” In Smart structures and materials: Industrial and commercial applications of smart structures technologies. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
Jones, R. M. 1999. Mechanics of composite materials. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
Kwak, S. K., and R. K. Yedavalli. 2001. “New modeling and control design techniques for smart deformable aircraft structures.” J. Guidance Control Dyn. 24 (4): 805–815. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.4782.
Lee, B. H. K., L. Gong, and Y. S. Wong. 1997. “Analysis and computation of nonlinear dynamic response of a two-degree-of-freedom system and its application in aeroelasticity.” J. Fluids Struct. 11 (3): 225–246. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1996.0075.
Leleu, S., H. Abou-Kandil, and Y. Bonnassieux. 2001. “Piezoelectric actuators and sensors location for active control of flexible structures.” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50 (6): 1577–1582. https://doi.org/10.1109/19.982948.
Li, D., S. Guo, and J. Xiang. 2010. “Aeroelastic dynamic response and control of an airfoil section with control surface nonlinearities.” J. Sound Vib. 329 (22): 4756–4771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2010.06.006.
Liu, D. K., Y. L. Yang, and Q. S. Li. 2003. “Optimum positioning of actuators in tall buildings using genetic algorithm.” Comput. Struct. 81 (32): 2823–2827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2003.07.002.
Monner, H. P., J. Riemenschneider, S. Opitz, and M. Schulz. 2011. “Development of active twist rotors at the German aerospace center (Dlr).” In Proc., 52nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conf. Denver: AIAA.
Moses, R. W., C. D. Wieseman, A. A. Bent, and A. E. Pizzochero. 2001. “Evaluation of new actuators in a buffet loads environment.” In Smart structures and materials 2001-industrial and commercial applications of smart structures technologies, 10–21. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
Nathal, M. V., and G. L. Stefko. 2013. “Smart materials and active structures.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 26 (2): 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000319.
Ovesy, H. R., A. Nikou, and H. Shahverdi. 2012. “Flutter analysis of high-aspect-ratio wings based on a third-order nonlinear beam model.” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G-J. Aerosp. Eng. 227 (7): 1090–1100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410012449594.
Park, J. S., and J. H. Kim. 2005. “Analytical development of single crystal macro fiber composite actuators for active twist rotor blades.” Smart Mater. Struct. 14 (4): 745–753. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/4/033.
Pendleton, E. W., D. Bessette, P. B. Field, G. D. Miller, and K. E. Griffin. 2000. “Active aeroelastic wing flight research program: Technical program and model analytical development.” J. Aircr. 37 (4): 554–561. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.2654.
Qiu, Z. C., X. M. Zhang, H. X. Wu, and H. H. Zhang. 2007. “Optimal placement and active vibration control for piezoelectric smart flexible cantilever plate.” J. Sound Vib. 301 (3–5): 521–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2006.10.018.
Ray, M. C., and J. N. Reddy. 2013. “Active damping of laminated cylindrical shells conveying fluid using 1-3 piezoelectric composites.” Compos. Struct. 98 (Apr): 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.09.051.
Riemenschneider, J., S. Opitz, P. Wierach, H. Mercier Des Rochettes, L. Buchaniek, and D. Joly. 2009. “Structural design and testing of active twist blades—A comparison.” In Proc., 35th European Rotorcraft Forum, 564–572. Hamburg, Germany: DGLR.
Schulz, S. L., H. M. Gomes, and A. M. Awruch. 2013. “Optimal discrete piezoelectric patch allocation on composite structures for vibration control based on ga and modal lqr.” Comput. Struct. 128 (Nov): 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.07.003.
Theodorsen, T., and W. Mutchler. 1935. General theory of aerodynamic instability and the mechanism of flutter. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Standards.
Wang, X., W. Zhou, and Z. Wu. 2018a. “Feedback tracking control for dynamic morphing of piezocomposite actuated flexible wings.” J. Sound Vib. 416 (Mar): 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2017.11.025.
Wang, X., W. Zhou, Z. Wu, and W. Wu. 2018b. “Optimal unimorph and bimorph configurations of piezocomposite actuators for bending and twisting vibration control of plate structures.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 29 (8): 1685–1696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X17742736.
Wang, X., W. Zhou, G. Xun, and Z. Wu. 2018c. “Dynamic shape control of piezocomposite-actuated morphing wings with vibration suppression.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 29 (3): 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X17708039.
Website. 2018. “Smart material corp.” Accessed April 27, 2019. http://www.smart-material.com/MFC-product-main.html.
Williams, R. B., B. W. Grimsley, D. J. Inman, and W. K. Wilkie. 2002a. “Manufacturing and mechanics-based characterization of macro fiber composite actuators.” In Proc., ASME Int. Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 79–89. New Orleans: ASME.
Williams, R. B., G. Park, D. J. Inman, and W. K. Wilkie. 2002b. “An overview of composite actuators with piezoceramic fibers.” In Proc., IMAC-XX: A Conf. on Structural Dynamics, 421–427. Bellingham, WA: SPIE.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 32 • Issue 5 • September 2019
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 3, 2018
Accepted: Mar 18, 2019
Published online: May 22, 2019
Published in print: Sep 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Oct 22, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.