Aerodynamic Optimization of a Morphing Leading Edge Airfoil with a Constant Arc Length Parameterization
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 31, Issue 2
Abstract
The paper presents the aerodynamic optimization of a morphing leading edge airfoil using a parameterization based on the class/shape transformation (CST) technique associated with a dedicated procedure to keep the arc length of the curve constant in order to limit the axial stress of the deformed shapes. The optimization is performed with a standard methodology based on genetic algorithms, comparing the results for three different aerodynamic models. Whereas the solutions obtained with the third model are standard droop nose shapes, those found via transitional models show an uncommon deformation with an upward leading edge deflection. A metamodel-assisted optimization loop is used to solve a known problem, showing that an artificial neural network is able to provide a reduction of the convergence effort when approximating the highly nonlinear relationship between the constant arc length parameterization and the aerodynamic behavior predicted with two of the models.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ACARE (Advisor Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe). (2008). “2008 addendum to the strategic research agenda.”, Brussels, Belgium.
Ahmed, M., and Qin, N. (2009). “Surrogate-based aerodynamic design optimization: Use of surrogates in aerodynamic design optimization.” 13th Int. Conf. on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology, ASAT, El Cairo, Egypt.
Ajaj, R. M., Beaverstock, C. S., and Friswell, M. I. (2016). “Morphing aircraft: The need for a new design philosophy.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 49(Feb), 154–166.
ANSYS FLUENT version 15.0 [Computer software]. ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA.
Barbarino, S., Bilgen, O., Ajaj, R., Friswell, M., and Inman, D. (2011). “A review of morphing aircraft.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 22(9), 823–877.
Bettadapura, R., Mashburn, T., and Crawford, R. (2013). “Length-constrained Bézier curve smoothing.” ⟨https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b96a/4066a532713d31fcd4e54cfd4e0c1511a0aa.pdf⟩ (Feb. 28, 2017).
Chow, L., Mau, K., and Remy, H. (2002). “Landing gears and high lift devices airframe noise research.” 8th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf. and Exhibit, AIAA, Reston, VA.
Deb, K. (2000). “An efficient constraint handling method for genetic algorithms.” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 186(2–4), 311–338.
Deb, K. (2001). Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms, Wiley, New York.
De Gaspari, A. (2014). “Design, manufacturing and wind tunnel validation of an active camber morphing wing based on compliant structures.” 25th Int. Conf. on Adaptive Structures and Technologies (ICAST) 2014, Lib4RI, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
De Gaspari, A., and Ricci, S. (2015). “Knowledge-based shape optimization of morphing wing for more efficient aircraft.” Int. J. Aerosp. Eng., 19.
Díaz-Manríquez, A., Toscano, G., Barron-Zambrano, J. H., and Tello-Leal, E. (2016). “A review of surrogate assisted multiobjective evolutionary algorithms.” Comput. Intell. Neurosci., 14.
Di Renzo, A. (2011). “Development of design methodologies for the design of morphing airfoils (sviluppo di metodologie per il progetto di ali con profili a curvatura variabile).” M.S. thesis, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy.
Drela, M. (1989). “XFOIL: An analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils.” Low Reynolds number aerodynamics, Springer, Berlin.
Du, S., and An, H. (2012). “Design and feasibility analyses of morphing airfoil used to control flight attitude.” Strojniški vestnik, 58(1), 46–55.
Fincham, J., and Friswell, M. (2015). “Aerodynamic optimisation of a camber morphing aerofoil.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 43(Jun), 245–255.
Friswell, M. (2014). “Morphing aircrafts: An improbable dream?” ASME 2014 Conf. on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent System, Vol. 1, ASME, Newport, RI.
Gabor, O. S., Koreanschi, A., and Botez, R. M. (2013). “Optimization of an unmanned aerial system’ wing using a flexible skin morphing wing.” SAE Int. J. Aerosp., 6(1), 115–121.
Han, Z.-H., and Zhang, K.-S. (2011). “Surrogate-based optimization.” Chapter 17, Real-world applications of genetic algorithms, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia.
Hovelmann, A. (2011). “Aerodynamic investigations of noise-reducing high-lift systems for passenger transport aircraft.” Ph.D. thesis, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden.
Iannelli, P., Wild, J., Minervino, M., Strüber, H., Moens, F., and Vervliet, A. (2013). “Design of a high-lift system for a laminar wing.” 5th European Conf. for Aeronautics and Space Sciences (EUCASS), EUCASS, Munich, Germany.
Iannelli, P., Moens, F., Minervino, M., Ponza, P., and Benini, E. (2017). “Comparison of optimization strategies for high-lift design.” J. Aircr., 54(2), 642–658.
Iuliano, E. (2016). Adaptive sampling strategies for surrogate-based aerodynamic optimization, Springer, New York, 25–46.
Kintscher, M., Monner, H., and Heintze, O. (2010). “Experimental testing of a smart leading edge high lift device for commercial transportation aircrafts.” 27th Int. Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) 2010, ICAS, Bonn, Germany.
Kintscher, M., Monner, P., Kühn, T., Wild, J., and Wiedemann, M. (2013). “Low speed wind tunnel test of a morphing leading edge.” Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics XXII Conf., AIDAA, Rome.
Kintscher, M., Wiedemann, M., Monner, H., Heintze, O., and Kühn, T. (2011). “Design of a smart leading edge device for low speed wind tunnel tests in the European project SADE.” Int. J. Struct. Integ., 2(4), 383–405.
Kirn, J., and Storm, S. (2014). “Kinematic solution for a highly adaptive droop nose.” 25th Int. Conf. on Adaptive Structures and Technologies (ICAST) 2014, Lib4RI, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Kulfan, B. M. (2007). “CST universal parametric geometry representation method with application to supersonic aircraft.” 4th Int. Conf. on Flow Dynamics, ICFD, Sendai, Japan.
Kulfan, B. M., and Bussoletti, J. E. (2006). “Fundamental parametric geometry representations for aircraft component shapes.”, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1–45.
Lee, D., Gonzalez, L., Periaux, J., and Bugeda, G. (2012). “Multi-objective design optimization of morphing UAV aerofoil/wing using hybridised MOGA.” IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence (WCCI) 2012, IEEE, New York.
Likeng, H., and Zhenghong, G. (2012). “Wing-body optimization based on multi-fidelity surrogate model.” 28th Int. Congress of the Aeronautical Science, ICAS, Bonn, Germany.
Lyu, Z., and Martins, J. R. R. A. (2015). “Aerodynamic shape optimization of an adaptive morphing trailing edge wing.” J. Aircr., 52(6), 1951–1970.
Marinus, B. (2010). “Influence of parameterization and optimization method on the optimum airfoil.” 27th Int. Congress of the Aeronautical Science, ICAS, Bonn, Germany.
Massaro, A., and Benini, E. (2012). “Multi-objective optimization of helicopter airfoils using surrogate-assisted memetic algorithms.” J. Aircr., 49(2), 375–383.
MATLAB [Computer software]. MathWorks, Natick, MA.
McGhee, R. J., Beasley, W. D., and Somers, D. M. (1973). “Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of a 17-percent-thick airfoil section designed for general aviation applications.”, NASA, Hampton, VA.
Menter, F., Langtry, R., and Völker, S. (2006). “Transition modelling for general purpose CFD codes.” Flow Turbul. Combust, 77(1–4), 277–303.
Monner, H. P. (2012). “SADE project final report.” ⟨http://cordis.europa.eu/publication/rcn/16421_en.html⟩ (Feb. 2, 2017).
Morishima, R., Guo, S., and Ahmed, S. (2010). “A composite wing with a morphing leading edge.” 51st AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conf., AIAA, Reston, VA.
Namgoong, H., Crossley, W. A., and Lyrintzis, A. S. (2007). “Aerodynamic optimization of a morphing airfoil using energy as an objective.” AIAA J., 45(9), 2113–2124.
Pérez, E. A. (2016). Aerodynamic shape design by evolutionary optimization and support vector machines, Springer, Berlin, 1–24.
Pott-Pollenske, M., Wild, J. W., and Bertsch, L. (2014). “Aerodynamic and acoustic design of silent leading edge device.” 20th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conf., AIAA, Reston, VA.
Radestock, M., Riemenschneidery, J., Monner, H.-P., and Rosez, M. (2015). “Experimental investigation of a complaint mechanism for a UAV leading edge.” 7th ECCOMAS Thematic Conf. on Smart Structures and Materials, IDMEC, Lisboa, Portugal.
Samareh, J. A. (1999). “A survey of shape parametrisation techniques.” CEAS/AIAA/ICASE/NASA Langley Int. Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics 1999, NASA, Langley, VA.
Secanell, M., Suleman, A., and Gamboa, P. (2006). “Design of a morphing airfoil using aerodynamic shape optimization.” AIAA J., 44(7), 1550–1562.
Shmilovich, A. (2010). “Wing leading edge concepts for noise reduction.” 27th Int. Congress of Aeronautical Science (ICAS) 2010, ICAS, Bonn, Germany.
Sodja, J., Martinez, M., Simpson, J., and De Breuker, R. (2015). “Experimental evaluation of the morphing leading edge concept.” AIAA SciTech, 23nd AIAA/AHS Adaptive Structures Conf., AIAA, Reston, VA.
Spalart, P., and Allmaras, S. (1992). “A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows.”, AIAA, Reston, VA.
Sun, R., Guoping, C., Chen, Z., Lanwei, Z., and Jinhui, J. (2013). “Multidisciplinary design optimization of adaptive wing leading edge.” Sci. China Technol. Sci., 56(7), 1790–1797.
Suzuki, H., Rinoie, K., and Tezuka, A. (2010). “Laminar airfoil modification attaining optimum drag reduction by use of airfoil morphing.” J. Aircr., 47(4), 1126–1132.
Van Ingen, J. (1956). “A suggested semi-empirical method for the calculation of the boundary layer transition region.”, Technical Univ. of Delft, Delft, Netherlands.
Vasista, S., De Gaspari, A., Ricci, S., Riemenschneider, J., Monner, H., and Van De Kamp, B. (2016). “Compliant structures-based wing and wingtip morphing devices.” Airc. Eng., 88(2), 311–330.
Weisshaar, T. A. (2006). “Morphing aircraft technology—New shapes for aircraft design.”, NATO, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
Wild, J., Pollenske, M. P., and Nagel, B. (2006). An integrated design approach for low noise exposing high-lift devices, AIAA, Reston, VA.
Woods, B. K., Fincham, J., and Friswell, M. (2014). “Aerodynamic modelling of the fish bone active camber morphing wing concept.” Proc., RAeS Applied Aerodynamics Conf., RAeS, London.
Woods, B. K., and Friswell, M. I. (2016). “Multi-objective geometry optimization of the fish bone active camber morphing airfoil.” J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct., 27(6), 808–819.
Zhu, F., and Qin, N. (2014). “Intuitive class/shape function parameterization for airfoils.” AIAA J., 52(1), 17–25.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 31 • Issue 2 • March 2018
Copyright
©2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 7, 2017
Accepted: Jul 31, 2017
Published online: Nov 28, 2017
Published in print: Mar 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Apr 28, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.