Modified Subcell Model Using Solid Elements for Triaxial Braided Composite under Ballistic Impact
Publication: Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 29, Issue 5
Abstract
In this paper, a modified laminated finite-element model based on subcell of unit cell and CDM material model was developed in nonlinear explicit finite-element code to investigate the dynamic response of 2D triaxial braided composite under ballistic impact of projectile. Six subcells, which were considered as laminate with different stacking sequences using solid elements, were employed to represent one unit cell of triaxial braided composites, therefore, the fiber-laying direction of braiding architecture is reproduced. In the prediction of the subcell model, an approximate round conical deformation area forms in the target and the failure modes are mainly longitudinal and transverse cracking due to tension. Compared with the continuum model, the subcell model is capable of analyzing the energy absorption of fiber in each direction. Although the failure modes are similar for both methods, the subcell model is more effective in prediction of impact wave propagation than the continuum model because it describes the fiber arrangement of triaxial braided composites. The developed subcell model will be an effective tool for the design process of carbon/epoxy composite fan casings.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Allix, O., and Ladeveze, P. (1992). “Interlaminar interface modeling for the prediction of delamination.” Compos. Struct., 22(4), 235–242.
Byun, J. (2000). “The analytical characterization of 2-D braided textile composites.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 60(5), 705–716.
Cater, C. R., Xiao, X., Goldberg, R., and Kohlman, L. (2014). “Single ply and multi-ply braided composite response predictions using modified subcell approach.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 04014117.
Chan, S., Fawaz, Z., Behdinan, K., and Amid, R. (2007). “Ballistic limit prediction using a numerical model with progressive damage capability.” Compos. Struct., 77(4), 466–474.
Cheng, J. (2006). “Material modeling of strain rate dependent polymer and 2D triaxially braided composites.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH.
Christensen, R. M. (1990). “A critical evaluation for a class of micromechanics models.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 38(3), 379–404.
Christensen, R. M. (2000). “A survey of and evaluation methodology for fiber composite material failure theories.” Proc., 20th Int. Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Springer, Netherlands.
Deka, L. J., Bartus, S. D., and Vaidya, U. K. (2008). “Damage evolution and energy absorption of E-glass/polypropylene on laminates subjected to ballistic impact.” J. Mater. Sci., 43(13), 4399–4410.
Deka, L. J., Bartus, S. D., and Vaidya, U. K. (2009). “Multi-site impact response of S2-glass/epoxy composite laminates.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 69(6), 725–735.
Federal Aviation Administration. (1984). “Blade containment and rotor unbalance tests.” Federal aviation regulation part 33, section 33.94, Washington, DC.
Gama, B. A., and Gillespie, J. W., Jr. (2011). “Finite element modeling of impact, damage evolution and penetration of thick-section composites.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 38(4), 181–197.
General Electric (GE) Aviation. (2007). “GEnx completes successful fan blade out test.” 〈www.geaviation.com/press/genx/genx_20070705.html〉 (Mar. 2015).
Gilata, A., Goldberg, R. K., and Roberts, G. D. (2002). “Experimental study of strain-rate-dependent behavior of carbon/epoxy composite.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 62(10–11), 1469–1476.
Goldberg, R. K., Blinzler, B. J., and Binienda, W. K. (2012). “Modification of a macromechanical finite-element based model for impact analysis of triaxially braided composites.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 383–394.
Gower, H. L., Cronin, D. S., and Plumtree, A. (2008). “Ballistic impact response of laminated composite panels.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 35(9), 1000–1008.
Hashin, Z. (1980). “Failure criteria for unidirectional fiber composites.” J. Appl. Mech., 47(2), 329–334.
He, Q., Xuan, H., Liu, L., Hong, W., and Wu, R. (2013). “Perforation of aero-engine fan casing by a single rotating blade.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 25(1), 234–241.
Hosur, M. V., Alexander, J., Vaidya, U. K., and Jeelani, S. (2001). “High strain rate compression response of carbon/epoxy laminate composites.” Compos. Struct., 52(3–4), 405–417.
Ivanov, D. S., Baudry, F., Van Den Broucke, B., Lomov, S. V., Xie, H., and Verpoest, I. (2009). “Failure analysis of triaxial braided composite.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 69(9), 1372–1380.
Johnson, A. F., and Holzapfel, M. (2006). “Influence of delamination on impact damage in composite structures.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 66(6), 807–815.
Johnson, A. F., Pickettb, A. K., and Rozyckic, P. (2001). “Computational methods for predicting impact damage in composite structures.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 61(15), 2183–2192.
Kohlman, L. W., et al. (2012). “A notched coupon approach for tensile testing of braided composites.” Compos. Part A, 43(10), 1680–1688.
Kueh, A. B. H. (2014). “Size-influenced mechanical isotropy of singly-plied triaxially woven fabric composites.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 57, 76–87.
Ladeveze, P., and LeDantec, E. (1992). “Damage modelling of the elementary ply for laminated composite.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 43(3), 257–267.
Li, B., Zhang, C., Cao, F., Wang, S., Chen, B., and Li, J. (2007). “Effects of fiber surface treatments on mechanical properties of T700 carbon fiber reinforced BN-Si3N4 composites.” Mat. Sci. Eng. A Struct., 471(1–2), 169–173.
Li, X., Binienda, W. K., and Goldberg, R. K. (2011). “Finite-element model for failure study of two-dimensional triaxially braided composite.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 170–180.
Li, X., Binienda, W. K., and Littell, J. D. (2009). “Methodology for impact modeling of triaxial braided composites using shell elements.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 310–317.
Littell, J. D., Binienda, W. K., Roberts, G. D., and Goldberg, R. K. (2009). “Characterization of damage in triaxial braided composites under tensile loading.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 270–279.
Liu, L., Xuan, H., Chen, G., Zhang, N., Feng, Y., and Hong, W. (2013). “Impact response and damage evolution of triaxial braided carbon/epoxy composites. Part II: Finite element analysis.” Text. Res. J., 83(17), 1821–1835.
Liu, L., Xuan, H., He, Z., Niu, D., Xing, J., and Hong, W. (2015). “Containment capability of 2D tri-axial braided tape wound composite casing for aero-engine.” Polym. Compos., in press.
Liu, P. F., Chu, J. K., Liu, Y. L., and Zheng, J. Y. (2012). “A study on the failure mechanisms of carbon fiber-epoxy composite laminates using acoustic emission.” Mater. Des., 37, 228–235.
Loikkanen, M., and Powell, D. (2007). “Jet engine rotor fragment impact on composite panel.” J. Struct. Mech., 40(4), 80–94.
LS-DYNA 970 [Computer software]. Livermore Software Technology, Livermore, CA.
Matzenmillar, A., Lubliner, J., and Taylor, R. L. (1995). “A constitutive model for anisotropic damage in fiber composites.” Mech. Mater., 20(2), 125–152.
Menna, C., Asprone, D., Caprino, G., Lopresto, V., and Prota, A. (2011). “Numerical simulation of impact tests on GFRP composite laminates.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 38(8-9), 677–685.
Naik, D., Sankaran, S., Mobasher, B., Rajan, S. D., and Pereira, J. M. (2009). “Development of reliable modeling methodologies for fan blade out containment analysis. Part I: Experimental studies.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 36(1), 1–11.
Nandlall, D., Williams, K., and Vaziri, R. (1998). “Numerical simulation of the ballistic response of GRP plates.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 58(9), 1463–1469.
PAM-CRASH [Computer software]. Engineering Systems International, Cedex, France.
Pereira, J. M., and Revilock, D. M. (2009). “Ballistic impact response of Kevlar 49 and zylon under condition representing jet engine fan containment.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 240–248.
Quek, S. C., et al. (2003). “Analysis of 2D triaxial flat braided textile composites.” Int. J. Mech. Sci., 45(6–7), 1077–1096.
Quek, S. C., Waas, A. M., Shahwan, K. W., and Agaram, V. (2004). “Compressive response and failure of braided textile composites. Part 1: Experiments.” Int. J. Nonlinear Mech., 39(4), 635–648.
Roberts, G. D., Pereira, J. M., Revilock, D. M., Binienda, W. K., Xie, M., and Braley, M. (2005). “Ballistic impact of braided composite with a soft projectile.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 3–7.
Ruggeri, C. (2009). “High strain rate data acquisition of 2D braided composite structures.” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH.
Stahlecker, Z., Mobasher, B., Rajan, S. D., and Pereira, J. M. (2009). “Development of reliable modeling methodologies for engine fan blade out containment analysis. Part II: Finite element analysis.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 36(3), 447–459.
Staniszewski, M. (2007). “Simulation of tri-axially braided composites half-cylinder behavior during ballistic impact.” Master’s thesis, Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH.
Sutcliffe, M. P. F., Aceves, C. M., Stronge, W. J., Choudhry, R. S., and Scott, A. E. (2012). “Moderate speed impact damage to 2D-braided glass/carbon composites.” Compos. Struct., 94(5), 1781–1792.
Williams, K. V., and Vaziri, R. (2001). “Application of a damage mechanics model for predicting the impact response of composite materials.” Comput. Struct., 79(10), 997–1011.
Williams, K. V., Vaziri, R., and Poursartip, A. (2003). “A physically based continuum damage mechanics model for thin laminated composite structures.” Int. J. Solids Struct., 40(9), 2267–2300.
Xiao, J. R., Gama, B. A., and Gillespie, J. W., Jr. (2007). “Progressive damage and delamination in plain weave S-2 glass/SC-15 composites under quasi-static punch-shear loading.” Compos. Struct., 78(2), 182–196.
Xiao, X., et al. (2009a). “Progress in braided composite tube crush simulation.” Int. J. Impact Eng., 36(5), 711–719.
Xiao, X. (2010). “A coupled damage-plasticity model for energy absorption in composite.” Int. J. Damage Mech., 19(6), 727–751.
Xiao, X., Botkin, M., and Johnson, N. (2009b). “Axial crush simulation of braided carbon tubes using MAT58 in LS-DYNA.” Thin Wall. Struct., 47(6–7), 740–749.
Xuan, H., Liu, L., Chen, G., Zhang, N., Feng, Y., and Hong, W. (2013). “Impact response and damage evolution of triaxial braided carbon/epoxy composites. Part I: Ballistic impact testing.” Text. Res. J., 83(16), 1703–1716.
Xuan, H., and Wu, R. (2006). “Aeroengine turbine blade containment tests using high-speed rotor spin testing facility.” Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 10(6), 501–508.
Yen, C. F. (2002). “Ballistic impact modeling of composite materials.” Proc., 7th Int. LS-DYNA Users Conf., Vol. 6, Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC), Livermore, CA, 15–25.
Zhang, C., et al. (2014). “Meso-scale failure modeling of single layer triaxial braided composite using finite element method.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 58, 36–46.
Zhang, C., and Binienda, W. K. (2014a). “A meso-scale finite element model for simulating free-edge effect in carbon/epoxy textile composite.” Mech. Mater., 76, 1–19.
Zhang, C., and Binienda, W. K. (2014b). “Numerical analysis of free-edge effect on size-influenced mechanical properties of single-layer triaxially braided composites.” Appl. Compos. Mater., 21(6), 841–859.
Zhang, C., Binienda, W. K., and Goldberg, R. K. (2015). “Free-edge effect on the effective stiffness of single-layer triaxially braided composite.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 107, 145–153.
Zhang, C., Binienda, W. K., Morscher, G. N., Martin, R. E., and Kohlman, L. W. (2013). “Experimental and FEM study of thermal cycling induced microcracking in carbon/epoxy triaxial braided composites.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., 46, 34–44.
Zheng, X., and Binienda, W. K. (2008). “Rate-dependent shell element composite material model implementation in LS-DYNA.” J. Aerosp. Eng., 140–151.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Aerospace Engineering
Volume 29 • Issue 5 • September 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 14, 2014
Accepted: Jul 29, 2015
Published online: Apr 1, 2016
Published in print: Sep 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Sep 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.