Upgrade Application of Roof and Wall Modules in Medical Construction Based on Prefabricated Interior Decoration Technology

The assembled interior technology aims at sustainable high-quality construction and considers the user’s quality requirements in six major aspects of space: basic performance, durable performance, safety performance, maintenance performance, adaptive performance, and economic performance (Liu 2018). Therefore, the assembly interior decoration technology of a new industrialized building system is promoted. The interior decoration system adopts green environmental protection integrated parts and dry construction methods for assembly operations, and the simultaneous design and coordination between different disciplines through technical pre-installation, so as to remove any traditional design disadvantages caused by mutual disconnection of equipment, structure, and interior decoration (Fang 2018). At the same time, it can be seen from the example of the eco-efficiency accounting of prefabricated buildings that such buildings feature precision, low emissions, and ecological benefits (Sun and Yang 2019). The hospital roof module features planar partitioning, positioning layout, appearance form, and product function. Therefore, in the design process, the two main factors of panel performance and integrated comprehensive design are emphasized.

The choice of indoor wall materials in hospital waiting areas, consultation rooms, nursing units, operating rooms, corridors, teaching and research training rooms, and administrative offices should meet the requirements of scrub resistance, easy cleaning, and antifouling. The problem of hospital noise pollution has attracted the widespread attention of architectural designers, hospital managers, and medical staff in many domestic cities. In fact, some investigations and studies have found that the interior decoration of a third-grade class-A hospital generally uses materials with smooth surfaces such as ceramic tiles and marble that cannot play a role in sound absorption (Yang and Li 2015). In the process of upgrading or transformation, it is necessary to pay attention to the acoustic effect (Bai and Ding 2019). Therefore, the wall module of the medical space is mainly composed of inorganic high-strength sound-insulating board, inorganic high-strength sound-absorbing board, inorganic high-strength decorative board, or silicon calcium board. This is based on the difference of high, medium, and low frequency in the medical space to achieve the function of sound absorption or sound insulation, according to the different perforation rate, shape, cavity, decoration, and combination of the board, and thus create a good acoustic space.

Test raw material 1: select four inorganic composite decorative boards with a specification of 595 × 595 × 15 mm. Samples were sent on May 14, 2019, and the Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute was commissioned to check the general performance of the board. The serial number of the board was M2019051405, the detection ambient temperature was 21°C–23°C, and the relative humidity was 52%–56%. According to JC/T 799-2016 “Decorative gypsum board,” the inspection was carried out from the appearance quality, dimensional deviation, moisture content, mass per unit area and fracture load, and each phase index met the requirements of a single evaluation. Among them, the average value in the standard of moisture content of the plate was ≤2.5, and the test result was 0.13, which is one-tenth lower than the standard requirement; the measured average value of the fracture load was 513N, which is more than three times higher than the standard requirement, reflecting light weight and high strength characteristics.

Test raw material 2: select five inorganic composite roof boards composed of materials such as gypsum powder, glass fiber, silicate, expanded perlite, diatom mud, and vermiculite, with a board specification of 595 × 595 × 15 mm, take samples and send samples on June 10, 2019, and entrust the national fire building material quality supervision and inspection center to inspect the items of combustion performance grade. The inspection center number of 2019100993, combined with GB 50016-2014 (CNS 2018) in compliance with the requirements of fire prevention of walls, the inspection method refers to the recommended national standards GB/T 5464-2010 (CNS 2010b) and GB/T 14402-2007 (CNS 2007), according to GB 8624-2012 (CNS 2012a), the noncombustibility indicators of temperature rise in furnace, continuous burning time, mass loss rate, and total heating value comply with the standards. The test results showed that the combustion performance of the board reached noncombustible A1 level and has excellent fire resistance.

Test raw material 3: select two whole boards of inorganic algal calcium composite ceiling, with a specification of 595 × 595 × 16 mm. Samples were sent on June 12, 2019, and the Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology was commissioned to check the air anion induction quantity. The inspection center number was 2019FM07292R01, and the check code for 30297865. According to GB/T 28628-2012 (CNS 2012b) and JCT 2040-2010 (CNS 2010a), the test result was 8.51 × 10⁷ ions/s m². The amount of negative ions released by this data is much higher than the standard of indoor building materials, which also showed that the physical properties, moisture management properties, and formaldehyde purification performance of the board were excellent, safe, and provided environmental protection.

Test raw material 4: the raw material for the test was six pieces of F902 inorganic high-strength sound-absorbing boards F902 with the specification of 1,200 × 1,980 × 20 mm. The National Center for Quality Supervision and Test of Building Engineering Materials was commissioned to check the sound absorption coefficient of the boards. The inspection was based on GB/T 20247-2006 (CNS 2006) and GB/T 16731-1997 (CNS 1997), using Norsonic Nor850 multichannel system, and a SHINYEI M288-CTH temperature and humidity meter, according to the interruption of the sound source method to measure reverberation time.

The projection area of the tested piece was 10.6 m², which was cut from five plates. The structure of the test piece was made of an inorganic high-strength sound-absorbing board F902 + 100 mm thick cavity, with a surface density of 32 kg/m², and a perforation rate of 21.1%. It was installed and tested according to the design structure and schematic diagram. The report number of the tested item by the sample was BETC-SX1-2018-00048, and the inspection report results determined that the noise reduction coefficient of the tested part NRC = 0.55, and the sound-absorbing performance of the structure is Grade III (Table 1, Fig. 3).

The raw materials for the mentioned tests were all provided by Guangdong Meisui Industrial Development Co., Ltd. From the test results, it shows that the board performance is excellent, indicating that the board has antibacterial and corrosion resistance, temperature and humidity adjustment, light weight and high strength, fire resistance, flame retardance, sound absorption and noise reduction, long durability, and other characteristics, which is suitable for the roof and wall system of a fabricated medical space. In the design and construction process of the roof module and wall module, the selection of a new type of energy-saving and environmentally friendly composite gypsum building material as a carrier of engineering applications is conducive to satisfying the individual requirements of users, and also the designer’s ideas, creativity, and solutions are successfully implemented.

Under the implementation of the SI system, the prefabricated built-in roof wall system uses high-strength gypsum board components to install the engineering framework of the roof module, most of which use light steel keel and aluminum keel as the skeleton body of the board. In general, the light steel keel gypsum board system can be optimized by parameters such as keel structure, thickness and number of layers of gypsum board, and the bulk density of filled rock wool or glass wool to achieve higher sound insulation requirements (Wei 2016).

The key node technology of the medical space ceiling system engineering is reflected in the connection process among the roof module parts. In relatively mature wall component connection methods, roof module connection nodes are difficult, easy to break, and have large gaps, which thus affects safety, aesthetics, sound absorption, and noise reduction performance. Therefore, only when the connection of the roof module is well controlled can it be organically integrated with the wall module.

According to industry standards and specifications, the joint connection of the assembled ceiling-mounted products should meet the seismic and compression resistance grade, and the connection between the interface and components should be safe and reliable under stress. The roof module components in different medical spaces should meet the bearing capacity and design strength specifications during the dry connection process, with simple structure and convenient construction, thereby accelerating the construction progress. Auxiliary accessories such as lamp strips, aluminum alloy components, wood screws, plastic geckos, grid belt, and nanosticky powder used in integrated ceilings can also meet the requirements of stability, deformation, and seamless design. Taking the overall surface ceiling system of the model room of Guangzhou Zengcheng People’s Hospital, Guangdong Province as an example, in the ward of the nursing unit, the deep open frame H2 rail keel was used as the engineering skeleton for ceiling installation. The light and steel main keels, auxiliary keels, and side keels were arranged in a vertical and horizontal direction as a supporting support, and hooks, booms, grommet, and nuts together formed the entire keel body. After testing, the main keel of a single module can be compressed up to 50 kg to meet the design load. The integrated ceiling curtain and curtain track system in the hospital provide good privacy and economic environmental protection (Guo and He 2019). During the installation, attention should be paid to the accurate positioning of the ceiling components, and the distance between the main hooks should meet the requirements of the construction drawings so as to ensure the balance of the suspenders and make it reliable and stable. Gap processing is the key to seamless integration, but also affects sound absorption and noise reduction. Furthermore, the gap processing and surface finish must be paid attention to. The design of the plate retains the corresponding line patterns to better match the keel’s connection lap. For joint filling, a special nano joint filler is required, if necessary, to supplement the joint tape. In the finishing process, a special powder of the same quality should be used to ensure no color difference or sagging, and a beautiful and smooth finish.

In this case, the roof module used the 595 × 575 × 15 mm inorganic composite board as the veneer specification in the sample room, and the roof was integrated with a U-shaped infusion track and a curtain track (Fig. 4). The internal and external double tracks can be hidden in the keel at the same time. Inside the keel (Figs. 5 and 6), the craftsmanship is exquisite with beautiful shape, and there is a natural sense of perfection (Figs. 7 and 8). The concept of an “ecological” and “artistic” healing environment has gradually become a development trend, with positive psychological and rehabilitation effects (Fu 2019), and the board in the model room is in line with this concept.

For hospital medical offices, conference rooms, and training auditoriums, the styles are generally similar to those of commercial or residential areas, but the essential difference is that medical spaces have high requirements for sound absorption and noise reduction, and the styles are simple and diverse. The prefabricated ceiling technology provides the equipment with the preconditions for pipeline separation and meets the design’s modeling requirements (Chen and Wang 2019). The holes in the entire roof module’s board, such as inspection ports, smoke sensor, light belt, pipelines, broadcast warning vents, air outlet, and security openings need to be integrated. During prefabrication at the factory, various types of openings are poured into the mold and combined with the light slots, lamp panel, point light source, and area light source, while ensuring the brightness of the lighting, and making maximum use of functions such as ventilation, sound, broadcasting, and intelligent induction.

During the prefabrication of the light trough, the roof module is reasonably separated, and the structure is separated from the pipeline in a form that makes the assembly at the construction stage simpler and more convenient to facilitate layout replacement and maintenance. When the suspender and a small number of auxiliary accessories are installed, multiple drop modeling plates or multiple flat roof modules of the lamp plate can be quickly and accurately assembled (Figs. 9–11). The finished product is stylish, environmentally friendly, durable, and has strong practicability.

The construction technology of medical assembled interior wall modules is more mature than that of suspended ceiling technology, and the installation is relatively simple. More attention is paid to the sound absorption, sound insulation performance, and personalized scene design of medical spaces, such as some child-related treatments, laboratories, and rehabilitation rooms, which emphasize both function and corresponding design styles. The sound insulation performance of lightweight partition walls is the main focus of design and has been used as an important criterion for evaluating the physical properties of lightweight partition walls (Zhang 2019). According to the principle of architectural acoustics, this test board is used in the installation of medical partition walls, but not limited to one type. Sound absorption and noise reduction need to combine sound absorption and sound insulation to assist with a variety of soft decoration, which can reach a higher noise reduction standard than that of five-star hotel rooms. To optimize the connection structure of the wall, inorganic high-strength sound-absorbing board F902 + 100 mm thick foam plastic cushion board with a surface density of 32 kg/m² to create multiple cavities was used (Fig. 12). The board is made of numerous 12 and 9 mm rectangular hollow holes as the perforating unit, the distance in the vertical and horizontal holes are 11.2 and 21.1 mm, respectively (Fig. 13), perforation rate of the whole panel is 21.1%, and the inner filler is 2.5%. Inner sound-absorbing cotton was used to form a damping system to increase air tightness and reduce the effects of acoustic bridges, supplemented by multiple elastic pieces of interaction to reduce noise. In addition, in order to avoid seam leakage of sound, the construction method of all kinds of holes is as strict as that of the roof module. Double anticorrosion treatment is necessary to ensure the integrated aesthetics of the wall surface. The wall module of the ward (Fig. 14) and the meeting room (Fig. 15) on the multiple floors of the internal medicine building in Guangzhou Zengcheng People’s Hospital, Guangdong province adopts this process, which is effective.