Abstract

The objective of this research is to demonstrate that parts of decommissioned wind turbine blades can be repurposed for infrastructure applications for a sustainable future of the wind power industry. The purpose of this paper was to develop a methodology to conduct detailed structural engineering design of composite material parts extracted from wind turbine blades. A large section extracted from a 100-m long blade was repurposed as a roof for a small (approximately 40 m2) single-story masonry house. Geometric and material properties were taken from the blade design documents. A three-dimensional graphical model was created from the exterior surface and material layups. The roof was designed using the load and resistance factor design method familiar to civil engineers. Analysis of stresses and defections was conducted using hand calculations and the finite element method. The results of the analyses showed that the roof is within code mandated stress and deflection limits. The methodology developed could be applied to other wind blade repurposing concepts.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

Support for this research was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation under grants 1701413 and 1701694; by InvestNI/Department for the Economy under grant 16/US/3334; and by Science Foundation Ireland under grant USI-116 (US-Ireland Tripartite program).

References

ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. 2019 building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
3A Core Materials. 2018. “AIREX® T92.200.” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.3accorematerials.com/en/products/airex-foam/airex-t92-pet-foam.
Adamcio, A. 2019. “Usable elements from wind turbine wings.” ANMET. Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.anmet.com.pl/.
Agarwal, B. H., L. J. Broutman, and K. Chandrashekhara. 2006. Analysis and performance of fiber composites. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Alshannaq, A., D. Scott, L. Bank, M. Bermek, and R. Gentry. 2019. “Structural re-use of de-commissioned wind turbine blades in civil engineering applications.” In Proc., of the American Society for Composites—Thirty-Fourth Technical Conference on Composite Material. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: DEStech Publications.
Arias, F. R. 2016. “NuMAD modeling and finite element analysis of SNL-100-01 wind turbine blade shells.” B.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, City College of New York.
Arias, F. R. 2017. “Reusing composite materials from decommissioned wind turbine blades.” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, City College of New York.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Ascione, L., et al. 2016. Prospect for new guidance in the design of FRP. EUR 27666 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Bank, L. C. 2006. Composites for construction: Structural design with FRP materials. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Bank, L. C., F. R. Arias, T. R. Gentry, T. Al-Haddad, B. Tasistro-Hart, and J. F. Chen. 2019. “Structural analysis of FRP parts from waste wind turbine blades for building reuse applications.” In Advances in engineering materials, structures and systems: Innovations, mechanics and applications, edited by A. Zingoni, 1520–1524. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Bank, L. C., F. R. Arias, A. Yazdanbakhsh, T. R. Gentry, T. Al-Haddad, J. F. Chen, and R. Morrow. 2018. “Concepts for reusing composite materials from decommissioned wind turbine blades in affordable housing.” Recycling 3 (1): 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling3010003.
Bank, L. C., and T. R. Gentry. 2001. “Development of a pultruded composite material highway guardrail.” Composites, Part A 32 (9): 1329–1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00086-0.
Beauson, J., B. Madsen, C. Toncelli, P. Brøndsted, and J. Ilsted Bech. 2016. “Recycling of shredded composites from wind turbine blades in new thermoset polymer composites.” Composites, Part A 90: 390–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.07.009.
Berg, J. C., and B. R. Resor. 2012. Numerical manufacturing and design tool (NuMAD v2.0) for wind turbine blades: User’s guide. SAND2012-7028. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.
Bladesign. 2019. “Products.” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.bladesign.de/products.
Borowicz, D. T., and L. C. Bank. 2013. “Effect of web reinforcement on the behavior of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer beams subjected to concentrated loads.” Constr. Build. Mater. 47: 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.081.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1991. Actions on structures. Eurocode 1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 1992. Design of concrete structures. Eurocode 2. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Directive. 2008. “Directive 2008/98/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.” Off. J. Eur. Union 312: 3–30.
General Electric. 2019. “Haliade-x 12 MW offshore wind turbine platform.” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/haliade-x-offshore-turbine.
Griffith, T. 2013. The SNL100-01 blade: Carbon design studies for the Sandia 100-meter blade. SAND2013-1178. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.
GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council). 2016. “Global wind energy outlook—2016.” Accessed November 21, 2019. http://gwec.net/publications/global-wind-energy-outlook/global-wind-energy-outlook-2016/.
ICC (International Code Council). 2018. International building code. Washington, DC: ICC.
Jensen, J. P., and K. Skelton. 2018. “Wind turbine blade recycling: Experiences, challenges and possibilities in a circular economy.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 97: 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.041.
Job, S., G. Leeke, P. T. Mativenga, G. Oliveux, S. Pickering, and N. A. Shuaib. 2016. “Composites Recycling: Where are we now?” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://compositesuk.co.uk/system/files/documents/Recycling%20Report%202016.pdf.
Liu, P., and C. Y. Barlow. 2017. “Wind turbine blade waste in 2050.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 62: 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.007.
Mamanpush, S. H., H. Li, K. Englund, and A. T. Tabatabaei. 2018. “Recycled wind turbine blades as a feedstock for second generation composites.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 76: 708–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.050.
Mandell, J. F., and D. D. Samborsky. 1997. DOE/MSU composite material fatigue database. version 19.0. Sandia Technical Rep. No. SAND97-3002. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.
Oliveux, G., L. O. Dandy, and G. A. Leeke. 2015. “Current status of recycling of fibre reinforced polymers: Review of technologies, reuse and resulting properties.” Prog. Mater Sci. 72: 61–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.01.004.
Post, N. L., J. J. Lesko, and S. W. Case. 2010. “Residual strength fatigue theories for composite materials.” In Fatigue life prediction of composites and composite structures, edited by A. P. Vassilopoulos, 79–101. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead.
Ramesh, N., T. Abbasi, S. M, S. M. Tauseefand, and S. A. Abbasi. 2018. “Utilization of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) waste generated by a wind-turbine manufacturing company.” Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. 6 (2): 103–129.
Rodin, H., S. Nassiri, K. Englund, O. Fakron, and H. Li. 2018. “Recycled glass fiber reinforced polymer composites incorporated in mortar for improved mechanical performance.” Constr. Build. Mater. 187: 738–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.169.
Skelton, K. 2017. Discussion paper on managing composite blade waste. Brussels, Belgium: WindEurope.
SNL (Sandia National Laboratories). 2019. “SNL/MSU/DOE 2019 Composite Material Database, Version 29.” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://energy.sandia.gov/programs/renewable-energy/wind-power/blade-reliability/mhk-materials-database/.
Speksnijder, S. 2018. “Reuse of wind turbine blades in a slow traffic bridge.” Accessed November 21, 2019. http://www.stijnspeksnijder.com/gallery/bridge-of-blades/.
Suhail, R., J.-F. Chen, R. Gentry, B. Taristro-Hart, Y. Xue, and L. Bank. 2019. “Analysis and design of a pedestrian bridge with decommissioned FRP windblades and concrete.” In Proc., 14th Int. Symp. on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement of Concrete Structures, 176. Belfast, UK: International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC).
SuperuseStudios. 2012. “REwind Willemsplein—Superuse Studios.” Accessed November 21, 2019. https://www.superuse-studios.com/projects/rewind-willemsplein/.
Yazdanbakhsh, A., L. C. Bank, K. A. Rieder, Y. Tian, and C. Chen. 2018. “Concrete with discrete slender elements from mechanically recycled wind turbine blades.” Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 128: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.08.005.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Architectural Engineering
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 26Issue 4December 2020

History

Received: Dec 3, 2019
Accepted: Jul 27, 2020
Published online: Sep 25, 2020
Published in print: Dec 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Feb 24, 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

T. Russell Gentry [email protected]
Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 245 4th St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States. Email: [email protected]
Tristan Al-Haddad [email protected]
Lecturer, School of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 245 4th St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States. Email: [email protected]
Research Faculty, School of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 245 4th St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-4473. Email: [email protected]
Franco R. Arias [email protected]
Former Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Dept., City College of New York, 160 Convent Av, New York, NY 10031, United States. Email: [email protected]
Angela Nagle [email protected]
Graduate Student, School of Engineering, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. College Cork, College Rd., Cork, Republic of Ireland. Email: [email protected]
Lecturer, School of Engineering, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Univ. College Cork, College Rd., Cork, Republic of Ireland. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share