Statistical Methods Applied to Optimize Perforated Façade Design for Daylight Availability
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 1
Abstract
Perforated solar screens (PSS) are important to consider in building façade design because of their contribution to sustainability through daylighting. PSS façade design requires the consideration of many potential design alternatives that involve a large number of simulations. This paper presents a methodology in which the orthogonal and listing methods are integrated to predict a set of optimum PSS design variables to enhance the daylight availability in office buildings located in Seville, Spain. An orthogonal array was selected to perform a transverse comparison of the simulation factors mean effects and to find their statistical significance. Then, a standard level was fixed and used for further detailed analysis of a greater number of factor levels, measuring their daylighting contributions. The main advantage of the integrated method is the reduction of the number of simulations from 720 to 32, so the model could save considerable time and would help designers make early-design-stage decisions. With the optimization, the actual daylit area was increased by 29–57% and the overlit area was reduced by 36–57% relative to reference models with no PSS.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the technical and financial support provided by the Institute of the Architecture and Building Science (IUACC) of the University of Seville and the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACyT) of Mexico under the Ph.D. scholarship of Doris A. Chi Pool.
References
Aljofi, E. 2005. “The potentiality of reflected sunlight through Rawshan screens.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment, edited by M. Santamouris, 817–822. Santorini, Greece: Heliotopos Conferences.
Andersen, M., J. Mardaljevic, and S. W. Lockley. 2012. “A framework for predicting the non-visual effects of daylight—Part I: Photobiology-based model.” Light. Res. Technol. 44 (1): 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153511435961.
Aparicio, C., J. L. Vivancos, P. Ferrer-Gisbert, and R. Royo-Pastor. 2014. “Energy performance of a ventilated façade by simulation with experimental validation.” Appl. Therm. Eng. 66 (1–2): 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.041.
Chi, D. A., D. Moreno, P. M. Esquivias, and J. Navarro. 2016. “Optimization method for perforated solar screen design to improve daylighting using orthogonal arrays and climate-based daylight modelling.” J. Build. Perform. Simul. 10 (2): 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/19401493.2016.1197969.
Chi, D. A., D. Moreno, and J. Navarro. 2018. “Correlating daylight availability metric with lighting, heating and cooling energy consumptions.” Build. Environ. 132 (Mar):170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.048.
Chlela, F., A. Husaunndee, C. Inard, and P. Riederer. 2009. “A new methodology for the design of low energy buildings.” Energy Build. 41 (9): 982–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.05.001.
De Gracia, A., A. Castel, L. Navarro, E. Oró, and L. F. Cabeza. 2013. “Numerical modelling of ventilated facades: A review.” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 22 (Jun): 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.029.
EC (European Commission). 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on energy performance of buildings. Brussels, Belgium: EC.
Etman, O., O. Tolba, and S. Ezzeldin. 2014. “Double-skin façades in Egypt between parametric and climatic approaches.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 31st eCAADe Conf. Computation and Performance, edited by Rudi Stouffs, and Sevil Sariyildiz, 459–465. Delft, Netherlands: Faculty of Architecture, Delft Univ. of Technology.
Franek, L., and X. Jiang. 2013. “Orthogonal design of experiments for parameter learning in image segmentation.” Signal Process. 93 (6): 1694–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.08.016.
Futrell, B. J., E. C. Ozelkan, and D. Brentrup. 2015. “Optimizing complex building design for annual daylighting performance and evaluation of optimization algorithms.” Energy Build. 92 (Apr): 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.01.017.
Gong, X., Y. Akashi, and D. Sumiyoshi. 2012. “Optimization of passive design measures for residential buildings in different Chinese areas.” Build. Environ. 58 (Dec): 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.014.
Gratia, E., and A. De Herde. 2004. “Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double-skin façade.” Energy Build. 36 (11): 1139–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.05.004.
Huang, L., and J. Wu. 2014. “Effects of the splayed window type on daylighting and solar shading.” Build. Environ. 81 (Nov): 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.026.
IES (Illuminating Engineering Society of North America), and Daylight Metrics Committee. 2012. Approved method: IES spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). IES LM-83-12. New York: IES.
Lai, C. M., and S. Hokoi. 2015. “Solar façades: A review.” Build. Environ. 91 (Sep): 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.01.007.
Lim, Y.W., M. H. Ahmad, and D. R. Ossena. 2013. “Internal shading for efficient tropical daylighting in Malaysian contemporary high-rise open plan office.” Indoor Built Environ. 22 (6): 932–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X12463024.
Mahmoud, A. H. A., and Y. Elghazi. 2016. “Parametric-based designs for kinetic facades to optimize daylight performance: Comparing rotation and translation kinetic motion for hexagonal facade patterns.” Sol. Energy. 126 (Mar): 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.12.039.
Mainini, G. A., T. Poli, M. Zinzi, and A. Speroni. 2015. “Metal mesh as shading devices and thermal response of an office building: Parametric analysis.” Energy Procedia 78 (Nov): 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.122.
Mardaljevic, J., M. Andersen, N. Roy, and J. Christoffersen. 2012. “Daylighting metrics: Is there a relation between useful daylight illuminance and daylight glare probability?” In Vol. 1011 of Proc., 1st Building Simulation and Optimization Conf. BSO12, 189–196. Loughborough, UK: Int. Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA).
Minitab. 2000. MINITAB user’s guide 2: Data analysis and quality tools. State College, PA: Minitab.
MITC (Ministerio de Industria Turismo y Comercio). 2007. Plan de accion 2008-2012 de la estrategia de ahorro y eficiencia energética en España. [In Spanish.] Madrid: MITC.
Nabil, A., and J. Mardaljevic. 2005. “Useful daylight illuminance: A new paradigm for assessing daylight in buildings.” Light. Res. Technol. 37 (1): 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1191/1365782805li128oa.
Nielsen, T. R., and S. Svedendsen. 2002. “Performance optimization of buildings.” In Proc., 6th Symp. on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, edited by A. Gustavsen, and J. V. Thue, 563–570. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology.
Park, G. J. 2007. Analytic methods for design practice. London: Springer.
Pérez-Lombard, L., J. Ortiz, and C. Pout. 2008. “A review on buildings energy consumption information.” Energy Build. 40 (3): 394–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.03.007.
Raynham P., P. R. Boyce, and J. Fitzpatrick, and SLL (Society of Light and Lighting). 2012. The SLL code for lighting. Edited by T. C. Group. London: SLL.
Reinhart, C. F. 2010. Tutorial on the use of Daysim simulations for sustainable design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ., Graduate School of Design.
Reinhart, C., T. Rakha, and D. Weissman. 2014. “Predicting the daylit area—A comparison of students assessments and simulations at eleven schools of architecture.” Leukos 10 (4): 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502724.2014.929007.
Reinhart, C. F., and O. Walkenhorst. 2001. “Validation of dynamic RADIANCE-based daylight simulations for a test office with external blinds.” Energy Build. 33 (7): 683–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00058-5.
Reinhart, C. F., and J. Wienold. 2011. “The daylighting dashboard—A simulation-based design analysis for daylit spaces.” Build. Environ. 46 (2): 386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.08.001.
Sabry, H., A. Sherif, M. Gadelhak, and M. Aly. 2014. “Balancing daylighting and energy performance of solar screens in residential desert buildings: Examination of screen axial rotation and opening aspect ratio.” Sol. Energy. 103: 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2014.02.025.
Sherif, A., A. El-Zafarany, and R. Arafa. 2012a. “External perforated window solar screens: The effect of screen depth and perforation ratio on energy performance in extreme desert environments.” Energy Build. 52 (Sep): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.05.025.
Sherif, A., A. Faggal, and R. Arafa. 2010. “External perforated Solar Screens for thermal control in desert environments: The effect of perforation percentage on energy loads.” In Proc., Renewable Energy 2010, Joint with the 4th Int. Solar Energy Society Conf. Asia Pacific Region. Yokohama, Japan: Renewable Energy, Int. Solar Energy Society.
Sherif, A., H. Sabry, A. El-Zafarany, R. Arafa, T. Rakha, and M. Anees. 2011. “Balancing the energy savings and daylighting performance of external perforated solar screens.” In Vol. 1 of Proc., 27th Int. Conf. on Passive and Low Energy Architecture PLEA 2011: Architecture and Sustainable Development, 807–812. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Sherif, A., H. Sabry, and T. Rakha. 2012b. “External perforated Solar Screens for daylighting in residential desert buildings: Identification of minimum perforation percentages.” Sol. Energy 86 (6): 1929–1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.02.029.
Taguchi, G., and T. Yokoyama. 1993. Taguchi methods: Design of experiments. Dearborn, MI: ASI Press.
USGBC (US Green Building Council). 2013. LEED reference guide for guiding design and construction. Version 4. Washington, DC: US Green Building Council.
Ward, G., and R. Shakespeare. 1998. Rendering with radiance: the art and science of lighting visualization. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
Wei, J., J. Zhao, and Q. Chen. 2010. “Optimal design for a dual-airflow window for different climate regions in China.” Energy Build. 42 (11): 2200–2205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.07.016.
Yi, H., R. S. Srinivasan, and W. W. Braham. 2015. “An integrated energy–emergy approach to building form optimization: Use of EnergyPlus, emergy analysis and Taguchi-regression method.” Build. Environ. 84 (Jan): 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.013.
Zawidiski, M. 2015. “Dynamic shading of a building envelope based on rotating polarized film system controlled by one-dimensional cellular automata in regular tessellations (triangular, square and hexagonal).” Adv. Eng. Inf. 29 (1): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2014.09.008.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 25 • Issue 1 • March 2019
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 20, 2016
Accepted: Jul 12, 2018
Published online: Oct 23, 2018
Published in print: Mar 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Mar 23, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.