Abstract
Vertically irregular buildings are preferred by architects, mainly due to their aesthetics. Earthquake codes not only call for special attention to the design of such architectural forms but forbid the construction of these buildings in active seismic zones based on the degree of irregularity. It is under the purview of both architects and structural engineers to understand the inherent seismic risk associated with each type of vertically irregular buildings. This paper evaluates the seismic risk of selected vertically irregular buildings in terms of their fragility curves, annual probability of collapse, drift hazard curves, and confidence levels and correlates seismic risk with the corresponding degree of irregularity using different existing irregularity indicators. The results presented in this paper show that the existing irregularity indicators do not correlate with the associated seismic risk of vertically irregular buildings. This paper will help architects and engineers to choose appropriate building configuration without compromising their seismic safety.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Agarwal, P., and S. K. Thakkar. 2001. “A comparative study of brick masonry house model under quasi-static and dynamic loading.” J. Earthquake Technol., 38 (2–4), 103–122. http://home.iitk.ac.in/∼vinaykg/Iset414.pdf.
ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16, Reston, VA.
Banerjee, A. K., D. Pramanik, and R. Roy. 2016. “Seismic structural fragilities: Proposals for improved methodology per spectral matching of accelerogram.” Eng. Struct., 111, 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.002.
Bhosale, A., R. Davis, and P. Sarkar. 2017. “Vertical irregularity of buildings: Regularity index versus Seismic risk.” J. Risk Uncertainty Eng. Syst. Part A: Civ. Eng., 04017001. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJRUA6.0000900.
Bilgin, H. 2010. “Seismic performance evaluation of an existing school building in Turkey.” Proc., 9th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical Univ., Trabzon, Turkey.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2000. Indian standard for plain and reinforced concrete code of practice. IS 456-00, New Delhi, India.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2016. Indian standard criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. IS 1893-16, New Delhi, India.
Celarec, D., P. Ricci, and M. Dolšek. 2012. “The sensitivity of seismic response parameters to the uncertain modelling variables of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames.” Eng. Struct., 35, 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.007.
Cornell, C. A., F. Jalayer, R. O. Hamburger, and D. A. Foutch. 2002. “Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC Federal Emergency Management Agency steel moment frame guidelines.” J. Struct. Eng., 526–533. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:4(526).
Crisafulli, F. J. 1997. “Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Davenport, A. G., and P. Hill-Carroll. 1986. “Damping in tall buildings: Its variability and treatment in design.” In Building Motion in Wind, ASCE Convention, edited by N. Isyumov and T. Tschanz, 42–57. Seattle, WA.
FEMA. 2012. Quantification of building seismic performance factors. FEMA P695, Washington, DC.
Filippou, F. C., E. P. Popov, and V. V. Bertero. 1983. Effects of bond deterioration on hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete joints. Rep. EERC 83-19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Ibarra, L. F., R. A. Medina, and H. Krawinkler. 2005. “Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 34 (12), 1489–1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.495.
Karavasilis, T. L., N. Bazeos, and D. E. Beskos. 2008. “Seismic response of plane steel MRF with setbacks: Estimation of inelastic deformation demands.” Construct. Steel Struct., 64 (6), 644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.12.002.
Kent, D. C., and R. Park. 1971. “Flexural mechanics with confined concrete.” J. Struct. Div., 97 (7), 1969.
Lee, T.-H., and K. M. Mosalam. 2004. “Probabilistic fiber element modeling of reinforced concrete structures.” Comput. Struct., 82 (27), 2285–2299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.05.013.
Maniatakis, C. A., I. N. Psycharis, and C. C. Spyrakos. 2013. “Effect of higher modes on the seismic response and design of moment-resisting RC frame structures.” Eng. Struct., 56, 417–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.021.
McKenna, F., C. McGann, P. Arduino, and J. A. Harmon. 2014. “OpenSees Laboratory.” Accessed January 15, 2016. National Science Foundation (NSF), Virginia, USA.
Mukherjee, S., and V. K. Gupta. 2002. “Wavelet-based generation of spectrum compatible time histories.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 22 (9–12), 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00101-X.
Nath, S. K., and K. K. S. Thingbaijam. 2012. “Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of India.” Seismol. Res. Lett., 83 (1), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.83.1.135.
Panagiotakos, T. B., and M. N. Fardis. 1996. “Seismic response of infilled RC frame structures.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 23–28, Tokyo: International Association for Earthquake Engineering, IAEE. http://www.iaee.or.jp.
Pirizadeh, M., and H. Shakib. 2013. “Probabilistic seismic performance evaluation of non-geometric vertically irregular steel buildings.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 82, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.12.012.
Pragalath, D. C. H., A. Bhosale, R. P. Davis, and P. Sarkar. 2016. “Multiplication factor for open ground story buildings—A reliability based evaluation.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibr., 15 (2), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-016-0322-4.
Rajeev, P., and S. Tesfamariam. 2012. “Seismic fragilities for reinforced concrete buildings with consideration of irregularities.” Struct. Saf., 39, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2012.06.001.
Ranganathan, R. 1999. “Structural reliability analysis and design.” Jaico Publishing House, Mumbai, India.
Reyes, J. C., C. R. Andrea, E. Kalkan, and M. C. Arango. 2015. “Extending modal pushover-based scaling procedure for nonlinear response history analysis of multi-story unsymmetric-plan buildings.” Eng. Struct., 88, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.041.
Roy, R., and S. Mahato. 2013. “Equivalent lateral force method for buildings with setback: Adequacy in elastic range.” Earthquakes Struct., 4 (6), 685–710. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2013.4.6.685.
Sarkar, P., A. M. Prasad, and D. Menon. 2010. “Vertical geometric irregularity in stepped building frames.” Eng. Struct., 32 (8), 2175–2182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.03.020.
SeismoStruct Verification Report. 2013. Seismosoft Ltd., Pavia, Italy.
Shome, N., and C. A. Cornell. 1999. Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of nonlinear structures. Rep. No. RMS-35, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA.
Varadharajan, S., V. K. Sehgal, and S. Babita. 2013. “Determination of inelastic seismic demands of RC moment resisting setback frames.” Arch. Civil Mech. Eng., 13 (3), 370–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2013.02.006.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 6, 2017
Accepted: Feb 13, 2018
Published online: May 8, 2018
Published in print: Sep 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Oct 8, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.