Application of Statistical Random Sampling and Bayesian Updating in Planning for Terra-Cotta Façade Inspection
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 2
Abstract
In this paper, an application of statistical random sampling and probabilistic Bayesian updating for planning building façade inspection is introduced. The application method presented is specifically for façades made up of terra-cotta blocks, for which a mode of damage is deterioration in their metal anchors as a result of corrosion. Using this method, an initial probability distribution for the proportion of blocks with damaged metal anchors is assumed; a limited number of blocks is then randomly selected, the blocks are removed, and the state of damage in their metal anchors is investigated. Based on the results of this initial investigation, a Bayesian approach is used for updating information on the proportion of blocks with damaged metal anchors to modify the damage probability distribution, and a damage index is then introduced, based on the updated results. This index can be used as a decision-making tool in determining the state of the health of the façade and planning for the next step in further investigations of the condition of terra-cotta blocks. The presented method is a planning tool that can be used by architects and engineers in an effort to optimize the cost associated with opening blocks for inspection.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to Arthur Kurzydlo of Dearborn Engineering Corporation, Chicago for providing information on the case study presented.
References
Ang, A. H. S., and Tang, W. H. (2007). Probability concepts in engineering planning and design, Wiley, New York.
Atwood, C. L. (1986). “The binomial failure rate common cause model.” Technometrics, 28(2), 139–148.
Chin, I. R., and Gerberding, H. (2004). “Evolution of the development of the Chicago façade inspection ordinance.” Building façade maintenance, repair, and inspection, J. L. Erdly and T. A. Schwartz, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 9–29.
Enright, M. P., and Frangopol, D. M. (1999). “Condition prediction of deteriorating concrete bridges using Bayesian updating.” J. Struct. Eng., 1118–1125.
Estes, A. C., and Frangopol, D. M. (2003). “Updating bridge reliability based on bridge management systems visual inspection results.” J. Bridge Eng., 374–382.
Gerns, E. A. (2009). “Corrosion: The use of metal in masonry wall systems and associated life-cycle issues.” Proc., Building Envelope Technology Symp., International Association of Building Envelope Consultants, RCI, Raleigh, NC.
Gerns, E. A., and Freedland, J. (2007). “Understanding terra-cotta distress: Evaluation and repair approaches.” J. Build. Appr., 2(4), 282–293.
Hoigard, K. R., Mulholland, G. R., and Haukohl, R. C. (2004). “Terra cotta façades.” Building façade maintenance, repair, and inspection, J. L. Erdly and T. A. Schwartz, eds., ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 75–90.
Khisty, C. J., Mohammadi, J., and Amedkudzi, A. (2012). Systems engineering with economics, probability and statistics, Ross, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Kurzydlo, A., and Campisi, J. S. (2009). “Practical considerations for complying with the City of Chicago maintenance of exterior walls and enclosures ordinance.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 146–151.
Mohammadi, J., and Zamani Heydari, A. (2008). “Seismic and wind load considerations for temporary structures.” Pract. Period. Struct. Des. Constr., 128–134.
Mori, Y., and Ellingwood, B. R. (1994). “Maintaining reliability of concrete structures. I: Role of inspection/repair.” J. Struct. Eng., 824–845.
Prudon, T. H. M. (1978). “Architectural terra-cotta: Analyzing the deterioration problems and restoration approaches.” Tech. Conserv., 3(3), 30–38.
Smith, A. F., and Gelfand, A. E. (1992). “Bayesian statistics without tears: A sampling–resampling perspective.” Am. Stat., 46(2), 84–88.
Stockbridge, J. G. (1986). “Analysis of in-service architectural terra cotta: Support for technical investigations.” APT Bull., 18(4), 41–45.
Thomasen, S. E., and Searls, C. L. (1990). “Assessment of building façades in masonry and stone.” Service life of rehabilitated buildings and other structures, S. J. Kelley and P. C. Marshall, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 108–116.
Tiller, D. P. (1979). “The preservation of historic glazed architectural terra-cotta.” Preservation Series No. 7, National Park Services, U.S. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Zhang, R., and Mahadevan, S. (2000). “Model uncertainty and Bayesian updating in reliability-based inspection.” Struct. Saf., 22(2), 145–160.
Zhao, Z., Haldar, A., and Breen, F. L. (1994). “Fatigue-reliability updating through inspections of steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 1624–1642.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 23 • Issue 2 • June 2017
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 2, 2016
Accepted: Oct 20, 2016
Published online: Dec 6, 2016
Discussion open until: May 6, 2017
Published in print: Jun 1, 2017
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.