Examination of Load Resistance in Window Glass Design
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 1
Abstract
The glass failure prediction model has been used as a calculation method for the load resistance (LR) of glass specified in North American design codes. However, because of the technology available, this model has only been experimentally proven under ramp loading. The model also has several defects, which have been pointed out in recent years, some of which may originate from this insufficient experimental validation. Thanks to the newly developed technology at the University of Western Ontario, glass strength modeling was revisited with sufficient experimental results, including fluctuating wind loads of long time duration. In addition, the value of LR specified in the current North American design codes was examined in light of several assumed parameters used in its calculation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council provided funding for this research. E. Gavanski gratefully acknowledges scholarship support from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. G. A. Kopp gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the Canada Research Chair Program. The authors are grateful to Dr. Joseph Minor for many interesting and helpful discussions.
References
Abiassi, J. J. (1981). “The strength of weathered window glass using surface characteristics.” Inst. for Disaster Res., Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, TX.
ASTM. (1989). “Standard practice for determining the minimum thickness of annealed glass required to resist a specific load.” ASTM E 1300-89, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (2001). “Standard specification for flat glass.” ASTM C 1036-01, Westshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard practice for determining load resistance of glass in buildings.” ASTM E 1300-07, West Conshohocken, PA.
Beason, W. L. (1980). “A failure prediction model for window glass.” Ph.D. thesis, Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, TX.
Beason, W. L., and Morgan, J. R. (1984). “Glass failure prediction model.” J. Struct. Eng., 110(2), 197–212.
Brewick, P., Divel, L., Butler, K., Bashor, R., and Kareem, A. (2009). “Consequence of urban aerodynamics and debris impact in extreme wind events.” 11th Americas Conf. on Wind Engineering, American Association for Wind Engineering, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Brown, W. G. (1974). “A practicable formulation for the strength of glass and its special application to large plates.” Pub. No. NRC 14372, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
Calderone, I. J. (1999). “The equivalent wind loading for window glass design.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Monash Univ., Clayton, Australia.
Canadian General Standard Board (CGSB). (1989). “Structural design of glass for buildings.” CAN/CGSB-12.20-M89, National Standard of Canada, Canada.
Dalgliesh, W. A. (1979). “Assessment of wind loads for glazing design.” Symp. on Practical Experiences with Flow-Induced Vibrations, Karlsruhe, Germany, 696–708.
Evans, A. G. (1974). “Slow crack growth in brittle materials under dynamic loading conditions.” Int. J. Fract., 10(2), 251–259.
Evans, A. G., and Fuller, E. R. (1974). “Crack propagation in ceramic materials under cyclic loading conditions.” Metall. Trans., 5, 27–33.
Evans, A. G., and Wiederhorn, S. M. (1974). “Proof testing of ceramic materials—an analytical basis for failure prediction.” Int. J. Fract., 10(3), 379–392.
Fischer-Cripps, A. C. (2007). Introduction to contact mechanics, Mechanical engineering series, 2nd Ed., Springer.
Fischer-Cripps, A. C., and Collins, R. E. (1995). “Architectural glazings: Design standards and failure models.” Build. Environ., 30(1), 29–40.
Gavanski, E. (2009). “Behaviour of glass plates under wind loads.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Gavanski, E., and Kopp, G. A. (2011). “Glass breakage tests under fluctuating wind loads.” J. Archit. Eng., 17(1), 34–41.
Haldimann, M. (2006). “Fracture strength of structural glass elements—analytical and numerical modeling, testing and design.” Ph.D. thesis, École polytechnique fedérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Haldimann, M., Luible, A., and Overend, M. (2008). Structural engineering documents 10, structural use of glass, Int. Assoc. for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zurich, Switzerland.
Irwin, G. R. (1957). “Analysis of stress and strains near the end of a crack traversing a plate.” J. Appl. Mech., 24(3), 361–364.
Kawabata, S. (1996). “Study of wind resistance design of glass plate for cladding.” Ph.D. thesis, Nippon Sheet Glass Co. Ltd., Japan (in Japanese).
Minor, J. E. (1981). “Window glass design practices: A review.” J. Struct. Div., 107(ST1), 1–12.
Minor, J. E., and Norville, H. S. (2006). “Design of window glass for lateral pressures.” J. Archit. Eng., 12(3), 116–121.
Norville, H. S., and Minor, J. E. (1985). “Strength of weathered window glass.” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 64(11), 1467–1470.
Paris, P., and Erdogan, F. (1963). “A critical analysis of crack propagation laws.” J. Basic Eng., 85(4), 528–534.
Reed, D. A., and Simiu, E. (1984). “Wind loading and strength of cladding glass.” J. Struct. Eng., 110(4), 715–729.
Simiu, E., and Reed, D. A. (1983). “Probabilistic design of cladding glass subjected to wind loads.” 4th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering, Pitagora Editrice, Bologna, Italy.
Wiederhorn, S. M., and Bolz, L. H. (1970). “Stress corrosion and static fatigue of glass.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 53(10), 543–548.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 17 • Issue 1 • March 2011
Pages: 42 - 50
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 9, 2009
Accepted: Aug 16, 2010
Published online: Aug 18, 2010
Published in print: Mar 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.