Simple Expert System for Evaluation of Nutrient Pollution Potential in Groundwater from Manure Application
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 4, Issue 4
Abstract
An expert system for the evaluation of groundwater pollution potential due to leaching of nutrients from land application of manure is developed in this study. The expert system consists of five modules: surface loading, sorption, vadose zone transport, saturated zone transport, and final module. The expert system evaluates the pollution potential in two steps. In the first step, rating values are evaluated for the selected modules. A set of expert system rules is assigned by the writers to evaluate the rating value of each selected module. In the second step, the pollution potential is evaluated from calculating the weighted average rating of the selected modules. Finally, the expert system is validated against a site assessment done by a group of experts for a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) facility in Oklahoma. The advantages of the expert system are its user-friendliness, requirement of easily available input data, and faster evaluation time. The expert system is recommended to the farmers for improving their management practices and for selecting sites suitable for building new CAFOs. It is also recommended to the regulatory agencies as a screening level tool to identify the most vulnerable sites.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
2.
Arora, P. A., and Mcternan, W. F. (1994). “An expert system to determine the probability of pesticide leaching.” Agric. Water Manage., 25, 57–70.
37.
Barker, J.C. (1996). “Lagoon design and management for livestock waste treatment and storage.” North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, EBAE 103-83, Raleigh, N.C.
3.
Bellini, G., Sumner, M. E., Radcliffe, D. E., and Qafoku, N. P. (1996). “Anion transport through columns of highly eathered acid soils: Adsorption and retardation.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 132–137.
38.
Bitton, G., Gifford, G.E., and Oscar, C.P. (1976). Removal of viruses from water by magnetic filtration, Water Resources Research Center, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
4.
Borggaard, O. K. (1983). “Influence of iron oxides on phosphate adsorption by soil.” J. Soil Sci., 34, 333–341.
5.
Borggaard, O. K., Jorgensen, S. S., J. P., and Raben-Lange, B. (1990). “Influence of organic matter on phosphate adsorption by aluminum and iron oxides in sandy soils.” J. Soil Sci., 41, 443–449.
6.
Bottani, E. J., Cascarini de torre, L. E., Fertitta, E. A., Lopez, S., and Barbaro, N. O. (1993). “Adsorption of gases and phosphate ions on some Argentinean soil samples.” Soil Sci., 155(1), 190–196.
7.
Carsel, R. F., and, R. S. (1988). “Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics.” Water Resour. Res., 24, 755–769.
8.
Chowdhury, A. K. M. M., and Canter, L. W. (1998). “Expert systems for groundwater management.” J. Envir. Sys., 26(1), 89–109.
9.
Christenson, S.C., Morton, R.B., and Mesander, B.A. (1992). “Hydrogeologic maps of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer.” Hydrogeologic atlas HA-724, U. S. Geologic Survey.
10.
Crowe, A. S., and Mutch, J. P. (1992). “EXPRESS: An expert systems for assessing the fate of pesticides in the subsurface.” Environ. Monit. Assess., 23, 19–43.
11.
Crowe, A. S., and Mutch, J. P. (1994). “An expert systems approach for assessing the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater.” Ground Water, 32(3), 487–498.
12.
Cussler, E.L. (1997). Diffusion mass transfer in fluid systems, 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
14.
Fetter, C.W. (1999). Contaminant hydrogeology, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
15.
Gelhar, L. W. (1986). “Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to applications.” Water Resour. Res., 22(9), 135–145.
43.
Hantush, M. S. (1956). “Analysis of data from pumping tests in leaky aquifiers.” Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, 37, 702–714.
18.
Kellogg, R.L., and Lander, C.H. (1999). “Trends in the potential for nutrient loading from confined livestock operations.“ Poster presentation for The State of North America’s Private Land, USDA-NRCS, 〈http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/pubs/ntrend.html〉.
19.
Lander, C.H., and Moffitt, D. (1996). “Nutrient use in cropland agriculture (commercial fertilizer and manure): nitrogen and phosphorus.” Working paper no. 14, USDA-NRCS, 〈http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/RCPAPERS/WP14/wp14text.html〉.
20.
Lander, C.H., Moffitt, D., and Alt, K. (1998). “Nutrients available from livestock manure relative to growth requirements.” Resource Assessment and Strategic Planning, Working Paper 98-1, USDA-NRCS, 〈http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/pubs/nlweb.html〉.
21.
Morton, R.B., and Goemaat, R.L. (1973). “Reconnaissance of water resources of Beaver County, Oklahoma.” Hydrogeologic Atlas HA-450, USGS.
22.
Naidu, R., Syers, J. K., Tillman, R. W., and Kirkman, J. H. (1990). “Effect of liming on phosphate sorption by acid soils.” J. Soil Sci., 41, 165–175.
23.
Nultsch, W. (1971). General botany, Academic Press, New York, 439.
24.
Parfitt, R. L. (1978). “Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials.” Adv. Agronomy, 30, 1–50.
26.
Qafoku, N. P., Sumner, M. E., and Radcliffe, D. E. (2000a). “Anion transport in columns of variable charge subsoils: Nitrate and chloride.” J. Environ. Qual., 29, 484–493.
27.
Qafoku, N. P., Sumner, M. E., and West, L. T. (2000b). “Mineralogy and chemistry of some variable charge subsoils.” Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 31(7&8), 1051–1070.
42.
Richards, L. A. (1931). “Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums.” Physics (N.Y.), 1, 318–333.
17.
Simunek, J., Huang, K., and Van Genuchten, M.Th. (1998). “The HYDRUS code for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media.” Version 6, Research Rep. No. 144, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, Calif.
44.
Sun, N.Z. (1996). Mathematical modeling of groundwater pollution, Springer, New York.
45.
Tesoriero, A. J., Liebscher, H., and Cox, S. E. (2000). “Mechanism and rate of denitrification in an agricultural watershed: Electron and mass balance along groundwater flow paths.” Water Resour. Res., 36(6), 1545–1559.
29.
Theis, C. V. (1935). “The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and the rate and the duration of discharge of a well using groundwater storage.” Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, 16, 519–524.
30.
USDA. ( 1998). An act relating to agriculture, passed by Oklahoma legislature.
13.
USEPA. ( 1997). Cumulative Risk Index Analysis (CRIA) (Swine concentrated animal feeding operations) manual, Version 6.0, USEPA, Region 6, Dallas, Tex.
33.
USEPA. (1999). “National recommended water quality criterion.” EPA 822-Z-99-001.
34.
van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M., and van Riemsdijk, W. H. (1986). “Sorption kinetics and transport of phosphate in sandy soil.” Geoderma, 38, 293–309.
35.
Visual MODFLOW. (1999). “The fully integrated, three-dimensional, graphical modeling environment for professional groundwater flow and contaminant transport modeling.” Waterloo Hydrogeologic Inc., Waterloo, Ont., Canada.
36.
Xu, M., and Eckstein, Y. (1995). “Use of weighted least-square Method in evaluation of the relationship between dispersivity and field scale.” Ground Water, 33(6), 905–908.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 4 • Issue 4 • December 2004
Pages: 285 - 295
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 15, 2004
Published in print: Dec 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.