Modeling Nonlinear Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Unbound Granular Bases Using Microstructure Distribution Tensors
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 4, Issue 4
Abstract
The resilient properties of unbound aggregate bases are important parameters in the design of asphalt pavements. Previous studies have shown that these resilient properties exhibit nonlinear and transverse anisotropic characteristics. The paper in hand presents a micromechanics-based approach to model the nonlinear and anisotropic properties of unbound aggregate bases. The anisotropic behavior is captured using two microstructure parameters representing the preferred orientation of aggregate particles, and the ratio of the normal contact stiffness to shear contact stiffness among particles. The nonlinear response is modeled using a relationship that relates the shear modulus to particle packing, material properties, particle size, and confining pressure. The micromechanics model is used to represent the resilient properties for a total of 18 different combinations of material conditions with different aggregate types, moisture contents, and gradation characteristics. Anisotropic and nonlinear resilient properties were measured at ten different stress states for each of the material conditions. The results presented in this paper show that the micromechanics model is capable of successfully representing the experimental measurements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adu-Osei, A., Little, D., and Lytton, R. ( 2000). “Structural characterization of unbound aggregate bases to meet AASHTO 2002 design requirements.” Res. Rep. No. ICAR-502-1, Aggregate Foundation for Technology, Research, and Education.
2.
Bathurst, R. J., and Rothenburg, L. (1990). “Observations on stress–force–fabric relationships in idealized granular materials.” Mech. Mater., 9, 65–80.
3.
Chang, C., Sundaram, S., and Misra, A. (1989). “Initial moduli of particulated mass with frictional contacts.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 13, 629–644.
4.
Chang, C., Kabir, C., Chang, Y. (1992). “Micromechanics modeling for stress–strain behavior of granular soils. II: Evaluation.” J. Geotech. Eng., 118(12), 1975–1992.
5.
Christoffersen, J., Mehrabadi, M., and Nemat-Nasser, S. (1981). “A micromechanical description of granular material behavior.” J. Appl. Mech., 48, 339–344.
6.
Cowin, S. C. (1985). “The relationship between the elasticity tensor and the fabric tensor” Mech. Mater., 4, 137–147.
7.
Du, J., Dusseault, M. (1994). “A generalized D matrix for anisotropic elastic granular media.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 18, 107–120.
8.
Emeriault, F., and Chang, C. (1997). “Anisotropic elastic moduli of granular assemblies from micromechanical approach.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(12), 1289–1293.
9.
Hicks, R. G., and Monismith, C. L. ( 1971). “Factors influencing the resilient response of granular materials.” Highway Research Record. 345, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C.
10.
Hoque, E., Tatsuoka, F., and Sato, T. (1996). “Measuring anisotropic elastic properties of sand using a large triaxial specimen.” Geotech. Test. J., 19(4), 411–420.
11.
Kanatani, K. (1984). “Stereological determination of structural anisotropy.” Int. J. Eng. Sci., 22(5), 531–546.
12.
Konishi, J., and Naruse, F. ( 1987). “A note on fabric in terms of voids.” Micromechanics of granular materials, M. Satake and J. T. Jenkins, eds., 39–46.
13.
Jiang, G. L., Tatsuoka, F., Flora, A., and Koseki, J. (1997). “Inherent and stress-state-induced anisotropy in very small strain stiffness of a sandy gravel.” Geotechnique, 47(3), 509–521.
14.
Masad, E. ( 2003). “The development of a computer controlled image analysis system for measuring aggregate shape properties.” NCHRP-IDEA Project 77 Final Rep. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
15.
Masad, E., Tashman, L., Somedavan, N., and Little, D. (2002). “Micromechanics-based analysis of stiffness anisotropy in asphalt Mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14, 374–383.
16.
Misra, A. (1997). “Mechanistic model for contact between rough surfaces.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(5), 475–484.
17.
Nemat-Nasser, S., and Mehrabadi, M.M. ( 1983). “Stress and fabric in granular mass.” Mechanics of granular materials: New models and constitutive relations, J. T. Jenkins and M. Satake, eds., Elsevier, New York, 1–8.
18.
Oda, M. ( 1978). “Significance of fabric in granular mechanics.” U.S.–Japan seminar on continuum-Mechanics and statistical approaches in the mechanics of granular materials, S. C. Cowin and M. Satake, eds., 47–62.
19.
Oda, M., Nemat-Nasser, S., and Mehrabadi, M. (1982). “A statistical study of fabric in a random assembly of spherical granules.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 6, 77–94.
20.
Oda, M., Nemat-Nasser, S., and Konish, J. (1985). “Stress-induced anisotropy in granular masses.” Soils Found., 25(3), 85–97.
21.
Oda, M., and Nakayama, N. (1989). “Yield function for soil with anisotropic fabric.” J. Eng. Mech., 115(1), 89–104.
22.
Satake, M. ( 1978). “Constitution of mechanics of granular materials through the graph theory.” U.S. Japan seminar on continuum-mechanics and statistical approaches in the mechanics of granular materials, S. C. Cowin and M. Satake, eds., 47–62.
23.
Subhash, G., Nemat-Naser, S., Mehrabadi, M., and Shodja, H. (1991). “Experimental investigation of fabric-tensor relations in granular materials.” Mech. Mater., 11, 87–106.
24.
Tobita, Y. (1989). “Fabric tensors in constitutive equations for granular materials.” Soils Found., 29(4), 99–104.
25.
Truesdell, C., and Noll, W. ( 1965). “The nonlinear field theories of mechanics.” Handbuch del Physik III/3, S. Flugge, ed.
26.
Tutumluer, E., and Seyhan, U. ( 1999). “Laboratory determination of anisotropic aggregate resilient moduli using an innovative test device.” Transportation Research Record. 1687, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D. C., 13–21.
27.
Uzan, J. ( 1985). “Characterization of granular material.” Transportation Research Record. 1022, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 52–59.
28.
Wong, R., and Arthur, J. (1985). “Induced and inherent anisotropy in sand.” Geotechnique, 35(4), 471–481.
30.
Yanagisawa, E. ( 1983). “Influence of void ratio and stress condition on the dynamic shear modulus of granular media.” Adv. Mech. Flow Granular Mater., 2, 947–960.
29.
Zysset, P. K., and Curnier, A. (1995). “An alternative model for anisotropic elasticity based on fabric tensors.” Mech. Mater., 21, 243–250.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 15, 2004
Published in print: Dec 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.