Experimental Response of Externally Retrofitted Masonry Walls Subjected to Shear Loading
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 12, Issue 5
Abstract
Recent earthquakes have produced extensive damage in a large number of existing masonry buildings, demonstrating the need for retrofitting masonry structures. Externally bonded carbon fiber is a retrofitting technique that has been used to increase the strength of reinforced concrete elements. Sixteen full-scale shear dominant clay brick masonry walls, six with wire-steel shear reinforcement, were retrofitted with two configurations of externally bonded carbon fiber strips and subjected to shear loading. The results of the experimental program showed that the strength of the walls could be increased 13–84%, whereas, their displacement capacity increased 51–146%. This paper presents an analysis of the experimental results and simple equations to estimate the cracking load and the maximum shear strength of clay brick masonry walls, retrofitted with carbon fiber.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this paper was conducted at the Structural Engineering Laboratory of the Pontificia University Catolica de Chile, and was sponsored by the Chilean National Fund for Science and Technology through FONDECYT, under Grant No UNSPECIFIED1030403. The carbon fiber materials used were donated by SIKA Chile. The writers are grateful for this support and also wish to thank Professor Carl Lüders for his advice.
References
Aguilar, G. (1997). “Efectos del refuerzo horizontal en el comportamiento de muros de albañilería confinada sujeta a cargas laterales.” Civil engineering thesis, UNAM, D.F., México (in Spanish).
Albert, M. L., Elwi, A. E., and Cheng, J. J. (2001). “Strengthening of unreinforced masonry walls using FRPs.” J. Compos. Constr., 5(2), 76–84.
Alcaino, P. (2007). “Respuesta sísmica de muros de albañilería reforzados externamente con fibras de carbono: Análisis experimental.” MSc thesis, Pontificia Univ. Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2002). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded frp systems for strengthening concrete structures.” ACI 440.2R-02, ACI Committee 440, Detroit.
Cruz, E., et al. (1988). Lecciones del sismo del 3 de marzo de 1985, Instituto Chileno del Cemento y el Hormigón, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Diez, J. (1987). “Estudio experimental de muros de albañilería sometidos a carga alternada.” Civil engineering thesis, Univ. de Chile, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Duarte, G. (2003). “Análisis experimental de muretes de albañilería reforzados con CFRP.” Civil engineering thesis, Pontifica Univ. Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Ehsani, M. R., Saadatmanesh, H., and Al-Saidy, A. (1999). “Behavior of retrofitted URM walls under simulated earthquake loading.” J. Compos. Constr., 3(3), 134–142.
ElGawady, M. A., Lestuzzi, P., and Badoux, M. (2005). “In-plane seismic response of URM walls upgraded with FRP.” J. Compos. Constr., 9(6), 524–535.
ElGawady, M. A., Lestuzzi, P., and Badoux, M. (2007). “Static cyclic response of masonry walls retrofitted fiber-reinforced polymers.” J. Compos. Constr., 11(1), 50–61.
Fallahi, A., Alaghebadian, R., and Miyajima, M. (2003). “Microtremor measurements and building damage during the Changureh-Avaj, Iran Earthquake of June 2002.” J. Nat. Disaster Sci., 25(3), 37–46.
Hamilton, H. R., and Dolan, C. W. (2001). “Flexural capacity of glass FRP strengthened concrete masonry walls.” J. Compos. Constr., 5(3), 170–178.
Hamoush, S. A., McGinley, M. W., Mlakar, P., Scott, D., and Murray, K. (2001). “Out-of-plane strengthening of masonry walls with reinforced composites.” J. Compos. Constr., 5(3), 139–145.
Haroun, M. A., Mosallam, A. S., and Allam, K. H. (2005). “Cyclic in-plane shear of concrete masonry walls strengthened by FRP laminates.” ACI Special Publication No. SP-230, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 327–340.
Instituto Nacional de Normalización (INN). (1967). “Cementos—Ensayo de flexión y compresión de morteros de cemento.” NCh 158 Of. 1967, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Instituto Nacional de Normalización (INN). (1977). “Hormigón—Ensayo de compresión de probetas cúbicas y cilíndricas.” NCh 1037 Of. 1977, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Instituto Nacional de Normalización (INN). (1993). “Albañilería armada—Requisitos para el diseño y cálculo.” NCh 1928 Of. 1993, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Instituto Nacional de Normalización (INN). (1997). “Albañilería Confinada—Requisitos de diseño y cálculo.” NCh 2123 Of. 1997, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Klingner, R. (2004). “Behavior of masonry in the Northridge (US) and Tecoman-Colima (Mexico) earthquakes: Lessons learned, and changes in design provisions.” Proc., 6° Congresso Nacional de Sismologia e Engenharia Sismica, Guimarães, Portugal.
Kuzik, M., Elwi, A. E., and Cheng, J. J. (2003). “Cyclic flexure tests of masonry walls reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer sheets.” J. Compos. Constr., 7(1), 20–30.
Liu, Y., Dawe, J., and McInerney, J. (2005). “Behaviour of GFRP sheets bonded to masonry walls.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Bond Behaviour of FRP in Structures, International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC), Hong Kong.
Lüders, C., and Hidalgo, P. (1986). “Influencia del refuerzo horizontal en el comportamiento sísmico de muros de albañilería armada.” IV jornadas chilenas de sismología e ingeniería antisísmica, ACHISINA, Viña del Mar, Chile (in Spanish).
Moroni, M. O., Astroza, M., and Acevedo, C. (2004). “Performance and seismic vulnerability of masonry housing types used in Chile.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 18(3), 173–179.
Santa Maria, H., Alcaino, P., and Lüders, C. (2006). “Experimental response of masonry walls externally reinforced with carbon fiber fabrics.” Proc., 8th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco.
Schwegler, G. (1994). “Masonry construction strengthened with fiber composites in seismically endangered zones.” Proc., 10th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria.
Sepulveda, M. (2003). “Influencia del refuerzo horizontal en el comportamiento sísmico de muros de albañilería armada.” Civil engineering thesis, Pontificia Univ. Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (in Spanish).
Stratford, T., Pascale, G., Manfroni, O., and Bonfiglioli, B. (2004). “Shear strengthening masonry panels with sheet glass-fiber reinforced polymer.” J. Compos. Constr., 8(5), 434–443.
Tomazevic, M. (1990). “Masonry structures in seismic areas a state of the art report.” Proc., 9th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Moscow.
Toutanji, H., and Ortiz, G. (2001). “The effect of surface preparation on the bond interface between FRP sheets and concrete members.” Compos. Struct., 53(4), 457–462.
Triantafillou, T. C. (1998). “Strengthening of masonry structures using epoxy bonded FRP laminates.” J. Compos. Constr., 2(2), 96–103.
Turek, M., Ventura, C., and Kuan, S. (2007). “In-plane shake-table testing of GFRP-strengthened concrete masonry walls.” Earthquake Spectra, 23(1), 223–237.
Valluzi, M. R., Tinazzi, D., and Modena, C. (2002). “Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates.” Constr. Build. Mater., 16(7), 409–416.
Zhao, M., and Ansari, F. (2004). “Bond properties of FRP fabrics and concrete joints.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 12 • Issue 5 • October 2008
Pages: 489 - 498
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 22, 2007
Accepted: Nov 28, 2007
Published online: Oct 1, 2008
Published in print: Oct 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.