Correlation Analysis of Laboratory Compaction of Fly Ashes
Publication: Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 5, Issue 1
Abstract
Fly ash, a waste from thermal power stations, has been used in many countries to build highway embankments, fills, landfill liners, and covers. The maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of fly ash or fly ash–soil mixtures are determined by conducting compaction test. There is a large variation in the MDD and OMC of different fly ashes due to the differences in their characteristics. In the present study, data regarding the compaction characteristics and specific gravity (G) of different fly ashes were collected. Correlation analyses of the data for 57 samples for light (standard Proctor) compaction and 21 samples for heavy (modified Proctor) compaction were carried out. Correlations have been developed for MDD and OMC for both light and heavy compaction. The correlation for MDD in terms of OMC and G and that between MDD and OMC have been expressed in the form of log-log, exponential, and linear curves. The general applicability of the correlations for light compaction has been tested with the data of 19 additional samples that were not used in establishing the correlations. The correlations between MDD and G, and between OMC and G, can be used to make a preliminary estimate of the likely range of MDD and OMC if the specific gravity of fly ash is known. This will be useful for the efficient design of the compaction test and for field compaction control in sites where establishing site-specific correlations is expensive and time consuming.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Baradan, B., Usmen, M., and Yazici. ( 1991). “Engineering properties of lime and cement stabilized lignite fly ash.” Proc., 9th Int. Ash Use Symp., American Coal Association, Washington, D.C., 2, 43.1–43.18.
2.
Baskar, M., Selvakumari, G., and Karthikeyan, P. K. ( 1999). “Effect of fly ash on heavy metal contents of rice (oryza sativa) in red soil.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Contaminants in Soil Envir. in the Australian-Pacific Region, Indian Network for Soil Contamination and Research, New Delhi, PWM-8, 462–463.
3.
Bowders, Jr., J. J., Usmen, M. A., and Gidley, J. S. ( 1987). “Stabilised fly ash for use as low-permeability barriers.” Proc., Conf. on Geotech. Pract. for Waste Disposal, ASCE, Reston, Va., 320–333.
4.
Carrilo, F. P. S. ( 1992). “Comportomiento geotécnico de cenzias volantes en rellenos compactados y su evolución a lo largo del tiempo.” Doctoral thesis, Laboratorio de Geotecnica, Madrid.
5.
Cataflamo, P., Corigliano, F., Primerano, P., and Pasquale, S. D. ( 1993). “Study of the precrystallization stage of hydrothermally treated amorphous aluminosilicate through the composition of aqueous phase.” J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 89(1), 171–175.
6.
Edil, T. B., Berthouex, P. M., and Vesperman, K. D. ( 1987). “Fly ash as a potential waste liner.” Proc., Conf. on Geotech. Pract. for Waste Disposal '87, ASCE, Reston, Va., 447–461.
7.
Edil, T. B., Sandstrom, L. K., and Berthouex, P. M. (1992). “Interaction of inorganic leachate with compacted pozzolanic fly ash.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 118(9), 1410–1430.
8.
Fetter, C. W. ( 1990). Applied hydrogeology, 2nd Ed., CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
9.
Gangadhara Rao, M. V. B. B., Kolay, P. K., and Singh, D. N. ( 1998). “Thermal characteristics of class F fly ash.” Cement and Concrete Res., 28(6), 841–846.
10.
Glogowski, P. E., Kelly, J. M., McLaren, R. J., and Burns, D. L. ( 1992). “Fly ash design manual for road and site applications.” RP2422-2, Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, GAI Consultants, Inc., Pa.
11.
Hollman, G. G., Steenbruggen, G., and Jurkovicova, M. J. ( 1997). “A two step process for synthesis of zeolites from powder coal fly ash.” Int. Ash Utilization Symp, Ky.
12.
Horiuchi, S., Tamaoki, K., and Yashuhara, K. ( 1995). “Coal ash slurry for effective underwater disposal.” Soils and Found., 35(1), 1–10.
13.
Hosada, N., Shinozaki, S., and Nagataki, S. ( 1998). “Mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of coal ash in Japan.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fly Ash Disposal and Utilisation, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, II, VIII46–VIII54.
14.
Jha, G. K., Srivastava, N. K., Jha, S. K., Tripathi, R. C., Tripathi, P. S. M., and Singh, G. ( 1999). “Partitioning of trace and heavy metals in paddy crop grown on fly ash-amended red and lateritic soils.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Contaminants in Soil Envir. in the Australian-Pacific Region, Indian Network for Soil Contamination and Research, New Delhi, TIC-3, 217–278.
15.
Kaniraj, S. R., and Havanagi, V. ( 1999). “Geotechnical characteristics of fly ash-soil mixtures.” Geotech. Engrg. J., 30(2), 129–147.
16.
Kolay, P. K., Singh, D. N., and Murti, M. V. R. ( 1999). “Effect of water interaction on a class F lagoon ash.” Proc., Nat. Seminar on Fly Ash Characterisation and Its Geotech. Applications, Allied Publishers Ltd., Bangalore, India, 9–14.
17.
Ma, W., Brown, W., and Komarneni, S. ( 1998). “Characterization and cationic exchange properties of zeolite synthesized from fly ashes.” J. Mat. Resour., 13(1), 3–7.
18.
Margason, G., and Cross, J. ( 1996). “Settlement behind bridge abutments—the use of pulverised fuel ash in constructing the approach embankments to bridges on the Staines bypass.” Rep. No. 48, Road Research Laboratory, Ministry of Transport, London, 1–27.
19.
Martin, J. P., Collins, R. A., Browning, J. S., and Biehl, J. F. (1990). “Properties and use of fly ashes for embankments.”J. Energy Engrg., ASCE, 116(2), 71–86.
20.
Mondragon, F., Rincon, F., Sierra, L., Escober, J., Ramirez, J., and Farnandez, J. ( 1990). “New perspective of coal ash utilization: Synthesis of zeolite material.” Fuel, 69, 4781–4786.
21.
Pandian, N. S., Rajasekhar, C., and Sridharan, A. ( 1996). “Fly ash as pre-filter material for the retention of lead ions.” J. Testing and Evaluation, 24(3), 181–185.
22.
Pattishall, J. C. ( 1998). “Building the future with high volume low tech ash products.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fly Ash Disposal and Utilisation, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, I, 62–71.
23.
Raymond, S. ( 1961). “Pulverized fuel ash as embankment material.” Proc., Instn. of Civ. Engrs., 19, Paper No. 6538, 515–536.
24.
Sahu, K. C. ( 1996). “Environmental impacts of ash ponds and measures for pollution control.” Ash ponds and ash disposal systems, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 300–310.
25.
Shigemoto, N., Hiyashi, H., and Miyaura, K. ( 1993). “Selective formation of Na-X zeolite from coal fly ash by fusion with sodium hydroxide prior to hydrothermal reaction.” J. Mat. Sci., 28, 4781–4786.
26.
Singh, D. N. ( 1996). “Influence of chemical constituents of fly ash characteristics.” Proc., Indian Geotech. Conf., Madras, India, 1, 227–230.
27.
Singh, D. V. ( 1996). “Bulk utilisation of fly ash in roads and embankments.” Ash ponds and ash disposal systems, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 374–386.
28.
Singh, G., and Tripathi, P. S. M. ( 1996). “An overview of CFRI's R&D work on bulk utilisation of coal ash in agricultural sector.” Nat. Seminar on Fly Ash Utilisation, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Neyveli, India, 157–165.
29.
Sridharan, A., Pandian, N. S., and Rajasekhar, C. ( 1998). “Influence of pH on the retention of heavy metal ions by fly ash.” Proc., 2nd Int. Congr. on Envir. Geotechnics, 1, 603–608.
30.
Tatsuoka, M. M., and Lohnes, P. ( 1988). Multivariate analysis, 2nd Ed., Macmillan, New York.
31.
Tsonis, P., Christoulas, S., and Kolias, S. ( 1983). “Soil improvement with coal ash in road construction.” Proc., 8th Eur. Conf., Helsinki, 2, 961–964.
32.
Vom Berg, W. ( 1998). “Utilization of fly ash in Europe.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fly Ash Disposal and Utilisation, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi, 1(I2), 8–14.
33.
Vesperman, K. D., Edil, T. B., and Berthouex, P. M. ( 1985). “Permeability of fly ash and fly ash/sand mixtures.” Hydraulic Barriers for Soil and Rock, Special Technical Publication No. 874, ASTM, Philadelphia, 170–180.
34.
Vivier, M. ( 1971). “Les remblais en cendres volantes dans la région du Nord.” Bull. LCPC, August-September, Paris.
35.
Weng, C. H., and Huang, C. P. (1994). “Treatment of metal industrial waste by fly ash and cement fixation.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 120(6), 1470–1487.
36.
Xavier, Q., Alastuey, A., Turiel, J. L. F., and Soler, A. L. ( 1995). “Synthesis of zeolites by alkaline activation and ferro-aluminous fly ash.” Fuel, 74(8), 1226–1231.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 5 • Issue 1 • January 2001
Pages: 25 - 32
History
Received: Sep 14, 2000
Published online: Jan 1, 2001
Published in print: Jan 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.