Pullout Resistance of Individual Longitudinal and Transverse Geogrid Ribs
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of the soil-geogrid interaction, conducted to quantify the contributions of passive and interface shear mechanisms to the overall pullout resistance of geogrids. An experimental testing program was conducted in this investigation using both large-scale and newly developed individual-rib pullout devices. The large-scale pullout tests were conducted using uneasily coated geogrid specimens with and without transverse ribs. On the other hand, the individual-rib pullout tests were conducted using individual longitudinal and transverse ribs. A stress transfer model was implemented to predict the results of large-scale pullout tests using the parameters obtained from the individual-rib pullout tests. Good agreement was obtained between the results of large-scale pullout tests and the predictions obtained using parameters collected from individual-rib tests. For the dense mesh geogrids used in this investigation, the development of passive mechanisms in front of geogrid transverse ribs was found to influence significantly the interface shear mechanisms that develop along longitudinal ribs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers are thankful for the financial support received from FAPESP (State of Sao Paulo Sponsoring Agency) and the Department of Geotechnical Engineering of the University of Sao Paulo at Sao Carlos. Support received by the third writer from NSF under Grant No. NSFCMS-0401494 is also gratefully acknowledged.
References
Alfaro, M. C., Miura, N., and Bergado, D. (1995). “Soil-geogrid reinforcement interaction by pullout and direct shear tests.” Geotech. Test. J., 18(2), 157–167.
ASTM. (2001a). “Standard test method for measuring geosynthetic pullout resistance in soil.” ASTM D 6706, ASTM Book of Standards Volume, 04.13, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (2001b). “Test method for determining tensile properties of geogrids by the single or multi-rib tensile method.” ASTM D 6637, ASTM Book of Standards Volume, 04.13, Philadelphia.
Bergado, D. T., and Chai, J. C. (1994). “Pullout force-displacement relationship of extensible grid reinforcement.” Geotext. Geomembr., 13(5), 295–316.
Bergado, D. T., Chai, J. C., Alfaro, M. C., and Balasubramaniam, A. S. (1994). Improvement techniques of soft ground in subsiding and lowland environment, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Bergado, D. T., Shivashankar, R., Alfaro, M. C., Chai, J. C., and Balasubramaniam, A. S. (1993). “Interaction behavior of steel grid reinforcements in clayey sand.” Geotechnique, 43(4), 589–603.
Chai, J. C. (1992). “Interaction between grid reinforcement and cohesive-frictional soil and performance of reinforced wall/embankment on soft ground.” Ph.D. dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
Dyer, M. R. (1985). “Observations of the stress distribution in crushed glass with applications to soil reinforcement.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
Ingold, T. S. (1983). “Laboratory pull-out testing of grid reinforcements in sand.” Geotech. Test. J., 6, 101–111.
Jewell, R A. (1990a). “Reinforcement bond capacity.” Geotechnique, 40(3), 513–518.
Jewell, R. A. (1990b). “Strength and deformation in reinforced soil design.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, The Hague, The Netherlands, Vol. 3, 913–946.
Jewell, R. A. (1996). “Soil reinforcement with geotextiles.” Ciria Special Publication 123, Thomas Telford Ltd., London.
Jewell, R. A., Milligan, G. W. E., Sarsby, R. W., and Dubois, D. (1984). “Interaction between soil and geogrids.” Proc., Symp. on Polymer Grid Reinforcement in Civil Engineering, Science and Engineering Research Council and Netlon Limited, 18–30.
Koerner, R. M., Wayne, M. H., and Carroll, R. G., Jr. (1989). “Analytic behavior of geogrid anchorage.” Proc., Geosynthetics’89 Conf., IFAI, San Diego, 525–536.
Lopes, M. L., and Ladeira, M. (1996). “Influence of the confinement, soil density and displacement ratio on soil-geogrid interaction.” Geotext. Geomembr., 14(10), 543–554.
Milligan, G. W. E., Earl, R. F., and Bush, D. I. (1990). ‘Observations of photo-elastic pullout tests on geotextiles and geogrids.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, and Related Products, Vol. 2, The Hague, The Netherlands, 747–751.
Milligan, G. W. E., and Palmeira, E. M. (1987). “Prediction of bond between soil and reinforcement.” Symp. on Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Calgary, Alta., Canada, 147–153.
Mitchell, J. K., Seed, R. B., and Seed, H. B. (1990). “Kettleman Hills waste landfill slope failure. I: Liner-system properties.” J. Geotech. Engrg., 116(4), 647–668.
Ochiai, H., Otani, J., Hayashic, S., and Hirai, T. (1996). “The pullout resistance of geogrids reinforced soil.” Geotext. Geomembr., 14(1), 19–42.
Palmeira, E. M. (1987). “The study of soil-reinforcement interaction by means of large scale laboratory tests.” Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
Palmeira, E. M. (2004). “Bearing force mobilisation in pull-out tests on geogrids.” Geotext. Geomembr., 22(6), 481–509.
Palmeira, E. M., and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989a). “Large-scale direct shear tests on reinforced soil.” Soils Found., 29(1), 18–30.
Palmeira, E. M., and Milligan, G. W. E. (1989b). “Scale and other factors affecting the results of the pullout tests of grids buried in sand.” Geotechnique, 39(3), 551–584.
Peterson, L. M., and Anderson, L. R. (1980). “Pullout resistance of welded wire mats embedded in soil.” Research Rep., Submitted to Hilfiker Co., Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.
Raju, D. M., Lo, S. C. R., Gopalan, M., and Gao, J. (1998). “On large-scale laboratory pull-out testing.” Geotech. Eng., 29(2), 123–155.
Sarsby, R. W. (1985). “The influence of aperture size/particle size on efficiency of grid reinforcement.” Proc., 2nd Canadian Symp. on Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Edmonton, Alta., Canada, 7–12.
Sugimoto, M., Alagiyawanna, A. M. N., and Kadoguchi, K. (2001). “Influence of rigid and flexible face on geogrid pullout tests.” Geotext. Geomembr., 19(5), 257–328.
Teixeira, S. H. C. (1999). “Construction and calibration of a large pullout test device, MS dissertation, Dept. of Geotechnical Engineering, Univ. of Sao Paulo at Sao Carlos (in Portuguese).
Teixeira, S. H. C., and Bueno, B. S. (1999). “An equipment for pullout test of geosynthetics.” Geossintéticos’ 99, Rio de Janeiro, 215–222 (in Portuguese).
Wilson-Fahmy, R., and Koerner, R. M. (1993). “Finite element modeling of soil-geogrid interaction in pullout loading conditions.” Geotext. Geomembr., 12(5), 479–501.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 1 • January 2007
Pages: 37 - 50
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 26, 2004
Accepted: Mar 22, 2006
Published online: Jan 1, 2007
Published in print: Jan 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.