Estimation of Load Capacity of Pipe Piles in Sand Based on Cone Penetration Test Results
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 5
Abstract
Pipe piles can be classified as either closed- or open-ended piles. In the present paper, the load capacity of both closed- and open-ended piles is related to cone penetration resistance through an experimental program using calibration chamber model pile load tests and field pile load tests. A total of 36 calibration chamber pile load tests and two full-scale field pile load tests were analyzed. All the test piles were instrumented for separate measurement of each component of pile load capacity. Based on the test results, the normalized base resistance was obtained as a function of the relative density for closed-ended piles, and of both the relative density and the incremental filling ratio (IFR) for open-ended piles. A relationship between the IFR and the relative density is proposed as a function of the pile diameter and driving depth. The relationship between IFR and allows the estimation of IFR and thus of the pile load capacity of open-ended piles at the design stage, before pile driving operations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
American Petroleum Institute (API). (1991). Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms, 19th Ed., APIRP2A, American Petroleum Institute, Dallas.
Bustamante, M., and Gianeselli, L.(1982). “Pile bearing capacity prediction by means of static penetrometer CPT.” Proc., 2nd European Symposium on Penetration Testing, 2, 493–500.
De Beer, E. (1984). “Different behavior of bored and driven piles.” Proc. of VI Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, G. Petrasovits, ed., Budapest, Hungary, 307–318.
De Beer, E. (1988). “Different behavior of bored and driven piles.” Proc. of Deep Foundation on Bored and Auger Piles, Van Impe, ed., Ghent, Belgium, 47–82.
De Nicola, A., and Randolph, M. F.(1997). “The plugging behaviour of driven and jacked piles in sand.” Geotechnique, 47(4), 841–856.
Franke, E. (1989). “Co-report to discussion, Session B, on large diameter piles.” 12th ICSMFE, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Franke, E. (1993). “Design of bored piles, including negative skin friction and horizontal loading.” Proc., 2nd Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, Van Impe, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 43–57.
Froy, P., Colliat, J. L., and Nauroy, J. F. (1993). “Bearing capacity of driven model piles in dense sands from calibration tests.” Proc., 25th Annual Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, OTC 7194, 655–665.
Ghionna, V. N., Jamiolkowsi, M., Lancellotta, R., and Pedroni, S. (1993). “Base capacity of bored piles in sands from in-situ tests.” Proc., 2nd Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, Van Impe, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 67–74.
Ghionna, V. N., Jamiolkowsi, M., Pedroni, S., and Salgado, R. (1994). “The tip displacement of drilled shafts in sands.” Proc., Settlement ’94, Yeung and Felio, eds., Vol. 2, Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, New York, June, 1039–1057.
Houlsby, G. T., and Hitchman, R.(1988). “Calibration chamber tests of a cone penetrometer in sand.” Geotechnique, 38(1), 39–44.
Jamiolkowski, M., and Lancellotta, R. (1988). “Relevance of in-situ test results for evaluation of allowable base resistance of bored piles in sands.” Proc., I Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles, Van Impe, ed., Ghent, Belgium, 107–120.
Klos, J., and Tejchman, A. (1977). “Analysis of behavior of tubular piles in subsoil.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1, Tokyo, 605–608.
Lee, J. H., and Salgado, R.(1999a). “Determination of pile base resistance in sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(8), 673–683.
Lee, J. H., and Salgado, R. (1999b). “Pre-failure loading response of foundations in Sands.” Proc., 2nd Int. Symposium on Pre-failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Torino, Italy, 667–674.
Lee, J. H., and Salgado, R.(2000). “Analysis of calibration chamber plate load tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 37(1), 14–25.
Lee, J. H., and Salgado, R.(2001). “Non-linear finite element analysis of calibration chamber plate load tests for sands.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Tucson, Ariz., 2, 941–946.
Lehane, B. M., and Randolph, M. F.(2002). “Evaluation of a minimumbase resistance for driven pipe piles in siliceous sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 128(3), 198–205.
Leong, E. C., and Randolph, M. F.(1991). “Finite element analyses of soil plug response.” Int. J. Numer. Analyt. Meth. Geomech., 15, 121–141.
Murff, J. D., Raines, R. D., and Randolph, M. F. (1990). “Soil plug behavior of piles in sand.” Proc., 22nd Offshore Technology Conf., Houston, OTC 6421, 25–32.
Nauroy, J. F., and Le Tirant, P. (1983). “Model tests of calcareous sands.” Proc., Conf. on Geotechnical Practice in Offshore Engineering, ASCE, New York, 356–369.
O’Neill, M. W., and Raines, R. D.(1991). “Load transfer for pipe piles in highly pressured dense sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 117(8), 1208–1226.
Paik, K. H., and Lee, S. R.(1993). “Behavior of soil plugs in open-ended model piles driven into sands.” Marine Georesources Geotechnol.,11, 353–373.
Paik, K. H., Lee, S. R., and Park, H. I.(1994). “Investigation of possible practical applicability of open-ended PHC pile.” J. Korean Soc. Civ. Eng.,14(4), 965–975.
Paik, K. H., and Salgado, R.(2003). “Determination of bearing capacity of open-ended piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 129(1), 46–57.
Paik, K. H., Salgado, R., Lee, J. H., and Kim, B. J.(2002). “Behavior of open- and closed-ended piles driven into sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 129(4), 296–306.
Paikowski, S. G., and Whitman, R. V.(1990). “The effects of plugging on pile performance and design.” Can. Geotech. J., 27, 429–440.
Paikowski, S. G., Whitman, R. V., and Baligh, M. M.(1989). “A new look at the phenomenon of offshore pile plugging.” Marine Geotech.,8, 213–230.
Randolph, M. F., Leong, E. C., and Houlsby, G. T.(1991). “One-dimensional analysis of soil plug in pipe piles.” Geotechnique, 41(4), 587–598.
Randolph, M. F., Steinfelt, J. S., and Wroth, C. P. (1979). “The effect of pile type on design parameters for driven piles.” Proc., 7th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics, Vol. 2, British Geotechnical Society, London, 107–114.
Salgado, R. (1995). “Design of piles in sands based on CPT results.” Proc., X Pan-American Conf. of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 3, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1261–1274.
Salgado, R., Boulanger, R., and Mitchell, J. K.(1997a). “Lateral stress effects on CPT liquefaction resistance correlations.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(8), 726–735.
Salgado, R., Mitchell, J. K., and Jamiolkowski, M.(1997b). “Cavity expansion and penetration resistance in sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(4), 344–354.
Salgado, R., Mitchell, J. K., and Jamiolkowski, M.(1998). “Calibration chamber size effects on penetration resistance in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 124(9), 878–888.
Salgado, R., and Randolph, M. F.(2001). “Analysis of cavity expansion in sands.” Int. J. Geomech.,1(2), 175–192.
Schmertmann, J. H. (1978). Guidelines for cone penetration test, performance and design, FHWA-TS-78-209, U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Washington, D.C.
Schnaid, F., and Houlsby, G. T.(1991). “An assessment of chamber size effects in the calibration of in situ tests in sand.” Geotechnique, 41(3), 437–445.
Smith, I. M., To, P., and Wilson, S. M. (1986). “Plugging of pipe piles.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Offshore Piling, Nantes, France, 53–73.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 129 • Issue 5 • May 2003
Pages: 391 - 403
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 27, 2001
Accepted: Aug 1, 2002
Published online: Apr 15, 2003
Published in print: May 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.