Behavior of Compacted Soil-Fly Ash-Carbide Lime Mixtures
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 9
Abstract
Unconfined compression tests, Brazilian tensile tests, and saturated drained triaxial compression tests with local strain measurement were carried out to evaluate the stress-strain behavior of a sandy soil improved through the addition of carbide lime and fly ash. The effects of initial and pozzolanic reactions were investigated. The addition of carbide lime to the soil-fly ash mixture caused short-term changes due to initial reactions, inducing increases in the friction angle, in the cohesive intercept, and in the average modulus. Such improvement might be of fundamental importance to allow site workability and speeding construction purposes. In addition, under the effect of initial reactions, the maximum triaxial stiffness occurred for specimens molded on the dry side of the optimum moisture content, while the maximum strength occurred at the optimum moisture content. After 28 days, pozzolanic reactions magnified brittleness and further increased triaxial peak strength and stiffness; the maximum triaxial strength and stiffness occurred on the dry side of the optimum moisture content.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
ASTM. ( 1998). “Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture in concrete.” C 618, West Conshohocken, Pa.
2.
Brown, R. W. ( 1996). Practical foundation engineering handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3.
Carraro, J. A. H. ( 1997). “Use of industrial residues in the stabilization of a residual soil.” MS thesis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (in Portuguese).
4.
Clayton, C. R. I., and Khatrush, S. A. ( 1986). “A new device for measuring local axial strain on triaxial specimens.” Géotechnique, London, 25(4), 657–670.
5.
Clayton, C. R. I., Khatrush, S. A., Bica, A. V. D., and Siddique, A. ( 1989). “The use of Hall effect semiconductor in geotechnical instrumentation.” Geotech. Testing J., 12(1), 69–76.
6.
Clough, G. W., Sitar, N., Bachus, R. C., and Rad, N. S. (1981). “Cemented sands under static loading.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 107(6), 799–817.
7.
Consoli, N. C., and Carraro, J. A. H. ( 1998). “The influence of compaction conditions on the behavior of a sandy soil-fly ash-carbide lime mixture.” Soils and Rocks, Sao Paulo, 21(3), 167–173 (in Portuguese).
8.
Consoli, N. C., Carraro, J. A. H., Ferreira, F. C., and Fraga, J. ( 1997). “Aspects of the utilization of industrial by-products for soil improvement.” Proc., Geoenvir. Engrg. Conf. on Contaminated Ground: Fate of Pollutants and Remediation, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 391–396.
9.
Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M., and Ulbrich, L. A. (1998). “Influence of fiber and cement addition on behavior of a sandy soil.”J. Geotech. and Geoenvir. Engrg., ASCE, 124(12), 1211–1214.
10.
Coop, M. R., and Atkinson, J. H. ( 1993). “The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands.” Géotechnique, London, 43(1), 53–67.
11.
Cuccovillo, T., and Coop, M. R. ( 1997). “Yielding and pre-failure deformation of structured sands.” Géotechnique, London, 47(3), 481–508.
12.
Cuccovillo, T., and Coop, M. R. ( 1999). “On the mechanics of structured sands.” Géotechnique, London, 49(6), 741–760.
13.
Gens, A., and Nova, R. ( 1993). “Conceptual bases for a constitutive model for bonded soils and weak rocks.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Geotech. Engrg. of Hard Soils-Soft Rocks, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 485–494.
14.
Helmuth, R. ( 1987). Fly ash in cement and concrete, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill.
15.
Herrin, M., and Mitchell, J. K. ( 1961). “Lime-soil mixtures.” Hwy. Res. Board Bull., Highway Research Board, 304, 99–121.
16.
Hilt, G. H., and Davidson, D. T. ( 1960). “Lime fixation in clayey soils.” Hwy. Res. Rec. 262, Highway Research Board, 20–32.
17.
Ingles, O. G., and Metcalf, J. B. ( 1972). Soil stabilization principles and practice, Butterworth, Sydney, Australia.
18.
Jalali, S., Abyaneh, M. Y., and Keedwell, M. J. ( 1997). “Differential scanning calorimetry tests applied to lime-fly ash soil stabilization.” Testing soil mixed with waste or recycled materials, STP 1275, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 181–191.
19.
Jardine, R. J., Fourie, A., Maswoswe, J., and Burland, J. B. ( 1985). “Field and laboratory measurements of soil stiffness.” Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, London, 511–514.
20.
Kamon, M., and Nontananandh, S. (1991). “Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilization.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(1), 1), 1–17.
21.
Ladd, R. S. ( 1978). “Preparing test specimens using under-compaction.” Geotech. Testing J., 1(1), 16–23.
22.
La Rochelle, P., Leroueil, S., Trak, B., Blais-Leroux, L., and Tavenas, F. ( 1988). “Observational approach to membrane and area corrections in triaxial tests.” Proc., Symp. on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 715–731.
23.
Leroueil, S., and Vaughan, P. R. ( 1990). “The general and congruent effects of structure in natural soils and weak rocks.” Géotechnique, London, 40(3), 467–488.
24.
Little, D. N., Thompson, M. R., Terrell, R. L., Epps, J. A., and Barenberg, E. J. ( 1986). “Soil stabilization for roadways and airfields.” Rep. No. ESL-TR-86-19, Air Force Engineering and Services Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla.
25.
Maher, M. H., Butziger, J. M., DiSalvo, D. L., and Oweis, I. S. ( 1993). “Lime sludge amended fly ash for utilization as an engineering material.” Fly ash for soil improvement, Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 36, ASCE, New York, 73–88.
26.
Mateos, M. ( 1961). “Physical and mineralogical factors in stabilization of Iowa soil with lime and fly ash.” PhD thesis, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa.
27.
Mateos, M., and Davidson, D. T. ( 1963). “Compaction characteristics of soil-fly ash-lime mixtures.” Hwy. Res. Rec. 29, Highway Research Board, 27–41.
28.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. ( 1993). Concrete: Structure, properties and materials. 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
29.
Minnick, L. J. ( 1967). “Reactions of hydrated lime with pulverized coal fly ash.” Proc., Fly Ash Utilization Conf., American Public Power Association, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, 287–315.
30.
Mitchell, J. K., and Katti, R. K. ( 1981). “Soil improvement. State-of-the-art report.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, London, 261–317.
31.
Mitsui, K., Li, Z., Lange, D. A., and Shah, S. P. ( 1993). “A study of properties of the paste-aggregate interface.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Interfaces in Cementitious Compos., RILEM, Cachan Cedex, France, 119–128.
32.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). ( 1976). “Lime-fly ash stabilized bases and subbases.” Synthesis of Hwy. Pract. No. 37, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
33.
Nontananandh, S., and Kamon, M. ( 1996). “Hydration mechanisms of fly ash stabilized by lime.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Envir. Geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 857–862.
34.
Rogers, C. D. F., Glendinning, S., and Roff, T. E. J. ( 1997). “Lime modification of clay soils for construction expediency.” Geotech. Engrg., London, 125(3), 242–249.
35.
Smith, R. L. ( 1993). “Fly ash for use in the stabilization of industrial wastes.” Fly ash for soil improvement, Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 36, ASCE, New York, 58–72.
36.
Sridharan, A., Pandian, N. S., and Srinivasa Rao, P. ( 1998). “Shear strength characteristics of some Indian fly ashes.” Ground Improvement, London, 2, 141–146.
37.
Thomé, A. ( 1999). “Interpretation of plate loading tests bearing on layers of coal bottom ash treated with carbide lime.” PhD thesis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil (in Portuguese).
38.
Thomé, A., Carraro, J. A. H., Balvedi, D., and Consoli, N. C. ( 1998). “Utilization of industrial by-products for soil stabilization and the influence of temperature in the development of pozzolanic reactions.” Proc., 3rd Int. Congr. on Envir. Geotechnics, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 721–726.
39.
Thompson, M. R. ( 1966). “Shear strength and elastic properties of lime-soil mixtures.” Hwy. Res. Rec. 139, Highway Research Board, 141–146.
40.
Thompson, M. R. ( 1969). “Engineering properties of soil-lime mixtures.” J. Mat., ASTM, 4(4), 968–969.
41.
Transportation Research Board (TRB). ( 1987). “Lime stabilization—reactions, properties, design, and construction.” State-of-the-Art Rep. No. 5, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 9 • September 2001
Pages: 774 - 782
History
Received: Jan 18, 2000
Published online: Sep 1, 2001
Published in print: Sep 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.