Pore Pressure and Dissipated Energy inEarthquakes—Field Verification
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 3
Abstract
The possibility of a correlation between dynamic pore pressure increase p and dissipated energy density D in soils subjected to earthquake shaking has been the subject of speculation for nearly 20 years. While cyclic loading tests have tended to confirm the D-p hypothesis in the laboratory, no field confirmation has been given. In this paper compelling evidence is presented to support the D-p model from two real earthquakes. Downhole acceleration records from two earthquakes are analyzed to obtain approximate histories of shear stress, shear strain, and dissipated energy over a range of depths. The measured data were obtained from the Lotung downhole array in Taiwan and from the Sunamachi downhole array near Tokyo. Both of these arrays also contain pore pressure measurement devices, and records of pore-pressure increase during the earthquakes are available. Time histories of measured pore pressure will be directly compared with calculated values based on the D-p hypothesis. The results of this study suggest dissipated energy density may be remarkably well correlated with pore pressure increase in field situations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Berrill, J. B., and Davis, R. O. ( 1985). “Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands: Revised model.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 25(2), 106–118.
2.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. ( 1982). “Energy dissipation and seismic liquefaction in sands.” Earthquake Engrg. and Struct. Dyn., 10, 59–68.
3.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. ( 1998a). “Site specific prediction of liquefaction.” Géotechnique, London, 48, 289–293.
4.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. ( 1998b). “Rational approximation of shear stress and strain based on downhole acceleration records.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 22, 603–619.
5.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. ( 1998c). “Energy dissipation and liquefaction at Port Island, Kobe.” Bull. New Zealand Nat. Soc. for Earthquake Engrg., Waikanae, New Zealand, 31, 33–50.
6.
Davis, R. O., and Berrill, J. B. ( 2000). “Wildlife revisited.” Proc., John Booker Memorial Symp., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, in press.
7.
Dobry, R., Ladd, R. S., Yokel, F. Y., Chung, R. M., and Powell, D. ( 1982). “Prediction of pore water pressure buildup and liquefaction of sands during earthquakes by the cyclic strain method.” NBS Build. Sci. Ser. 138, National Bureau of Standards,
8.
Elgamal, A.-W., Zeghal, M., and Parra, E. ( 1995). “Identification and modeling of earthquake ground response.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. Earthquake Geotech. Engrg., K. Ishihara, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 51–90.
9.
Figueroa, J. L., Saada, A. S., Liang, L., and Dahisaria, N. M. (1994). “Evaluation of soil liquefaction by energy principles.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(9), 1554–1569.
10.
Ishihara, K., Muroi, T., and Towhata, I. ( 1989). “In-situ pore water pressures and ground motions during the 1987 Chiba-Toho-Oki earthquake.” Soils and Found., Tokyo, 29(4), 75–90.
11.
Hushmand, B., Scott, R. F., and Crouse, C. B. ( 1992). “In-place calibration of USGS transducers at Wildlife liquefaction site, California, USA.” Proc., 10th World Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1263–1268.
12.
Kayen, R. E., and Mitchell, J. K. (1997). “Assessment of liquefaction potential during earthquakes by Arias intensity.”J. Geotech. and Geoenvir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(12), 1162–1174.
13.
Law, K. T., Cao, Y. L., and He, G. N. ( 1990). “An energy approach for assessing seismic liquefaction potential.” Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, 27, 320–329.
14.
Liang, L., Figueroa, J. L., and Saada, A. S. (1995). “Liquefaction under random loading: Unit energy approach.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 121(11), 776–781.
15.
Nemat-Nasser, S., and Shokooh, A. ( 1979). “A unified approach to densification and liquefaction of cohesionless sand in cyclic shearing.” Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, 16, 659–678.
16.
Simcock, K. J., Davis, R. O., Berrill, J. B., and Mullenger, G. ( 1983). “Cyclic triaxial tests with continuous measurement of dissipated energy.” Geotech. Testing J., 6, 35–39.
17.
Tang, H. T. ( 1987). “Large-scale soil structure interaction.” Rep. No. NP-5513-SR, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
18.
Trifunac, M. ( 1995). “Empirical criteria for liquefaction in sands via standard penetration tests and seismic wave energy.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Engrg., 14, 419–426.
19.
Wang, J. G. Z. Q., and Law, K. T. ( 1994). Siting in earthquake zones, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
20.
Wen, K.-L., and Yeh, Y. T. ( 1984). “Seismic velocity structure beneath the SMART 1 array.” Bull. Inst. Earth Sci., Acad Sinica, 4, 51–72.
21.
Youd, T. L., and Holzer, T. L. (1994). “Piezometer performance at Wildlife Liquefaction Site, California.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(6), 975–995.
22.
Zeghal, M., and Elgamal, A.-W. (1994). “Analysis of site liquefaction using earthquake records.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 120(6), 996–1017.
23.
Zeghal, M., Elgamal, A.-W., Tang, H. T., and Stepp, J. C. (1995). “Lotung downhole array. II: Evaluation of soil nonlinear properties.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 121(4), 363–378.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 3 • March 2001
Pages: 269 - 274
History
Received: Oct 25, 1999
Published online: Mar 1, 2001
Published in print: Mar 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.