Side Resistance In Piles and Drilled Shafts
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 1
Abstract
More than 20 years have passed since a Terzaghi Lecture focused on the topic of deep foundations. However, considerable research has been performed, and experience gained, in this subject area in the intervening period. The objective of this paper is to update the earlier references on deep foundations by summarizing results of important recent research on a few aspects of the topic of side resistance, most notably (1) driven piles in saturated clay, (2) driven piles in siliceous sand loaded in compression and uplift, (3) drilled shafts in clay, and (4) drilled shafts in soft rock. It is concluded that, while simple design relations are available for topic (1), much is still to be learned. Under topic (2), the case is made that loading the pile in compression and uplift produces different values of unit side-shearing resistance. Regarding topics (3) and (4), the effects of details related to construction—such as stress relief, moisture migration from the concrete to the geomaterial, borehole roughness, and borehole smear—are shown to be significant. The final point made is that the design of deep foundations is a complex matter that should be addressed in a design context by engineers who are experienced in the observation of pile behavior, theoretical modeling, and the appropriate use of design methods.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ata, A., and O'Neill, M. W. ( 1997a). “Characterization of the effect of Polybore polymer on the construction and performance of drilled shaft foundations: Phase I, field tests.” Final Rep., Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., University of Houston, Houston.
2.
Ata, A., and O'Neill, M. W. ( 1997b). “Characterization of the effect of Polybore polymer on the construction and performance of drilled shaft foundations: Phase II, laboratory investigation.” Final Rep., Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., University of Houston, Houston.
3.
Audibert, J. M. E., and Hamilton, T. K. ( 1998). “West Delta 58A site selection and characterization.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 415–431.
4.
Aurora, R. P., Peterson, E. H., and O'Neill, M. W. (1980). “Model study of load transfer in slender pile.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 106(8), 941–945.
5.
Azzouz, A. S., Baligh, M. M., and Whittle, A. J. (1990). “Shaft resistance of piles in clay.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(2), 205–221.
6.
Baligh, M. M. (1985). “Strain path method.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(9), 1108–1136.
7.
Baycan, S. ( 1996). “Field performance of expansive anchors and piles in rock.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
8.
Bogard, D., and Matlock, H. ( 1998a). “Static and cyclic load testing of a 30-inch-diameter pile over a 2.5-year period.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 455–468.
9.
Bogard, D., and Matlock, H. ( 1998b). “Lateral pressure measurements during 2.5 years of consolidation and setup.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 433–444.
10.
Chen, Y.-J., and Kulhawy, F. H. ( 1994). “Case history evaluation of the behavior of drilled shafts under axial and lateral loading.” Rep. No. TR-104601, Geotechnical Engineering Group, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
11.
Choi, Y.-K., and O'Neill, M. W. ( 1997). “Response of soil plug to horizontal and vertical excitation.” Proc., 7th ISOPE Conf., Honolulu, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, Cupertino, Calif., 772–777.
12.
Chow, F. C., Jardine, R. J., Brucy, F., and Nauroy, J. F. ( 1996). “The effects of time on the capacity of pipe piles in dense marine sand.” Proc., Offshore Technology Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 147–160.
13.
Coyle, H. M., and Reese, L. C. (1966). “Load transfer for axially loaded piles in clay.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 92(2), 1–26.
14.
Dennis, N. D., Jr. and Olson, R. E. ( 1983). “Axial capacity of steel pipe piles in clay.” Proc., Conf. on Geotech. Pract. in Offshore Engrg., S. G. Wright, ed., ASCE, New York, 370–388.
15.
de Nicola, A. ( 1996). “The performance of pipe piles in sand.” Dissertation presented for degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., University of Western Australia, Nedland, Western Australia.
16.
Esrig, M. E., and Kirby, R. C. ( 1979). “Advances in general effective stress method for the prediction of axial capacity for driven piles in clay.” Proc., 11th Offshore Technol. Conf., Paper OTC 3406, Houston.
17.
Gibbs, C. E., McAuley, J., Mirza, U. A., and Cox, W. R. ( 1993). “Reduction of field data and interpretation of results for axial load tests of two 762 mm diameter pipe piles in clay.” Proc., Conf. on Recent Large-Scale Fully Instrumented Pile Tests in Clay, Thomas Telford, London, 285–345.
18.
Hassan, K. H., and O'Neill, M. W. (1997). “Side load transfer mechanisms in drilled shafts in soft argillaceous rock.”J. Geotech. and Geoenvir. Engrg., ASCE, 123(2), 145–152.
19.
Heydinger, A. G. ( 1982). “Analysis of axial single pile-soil interaction in clay.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., University of Houston, Houston.
20.
Heydinger, A. G., and O'Neill, M. W. ( 1986). “Analysis of axial pile-soil interaction in clay.” Int. J. Numer. Methods in Geomech., 10(4), 367–381.
21.
Jardine, R. J., and Chow, F. C. ( 1996). “New design methods for offshore piles.” Rep. No. 96-103, Marine Technology Directorate Ltd., London.
22.
Jardine, R. J., and Saldivar, E. ( 1999). “An alternative interpretation of the West Delta 58A tension-pile research results.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., OTC Paper No. 10827, Houston.
23.
Kalinski, M. E., and Stokoe, K. H., II. ( 1998). “Stress wave measurements in open holes in soil.” Final Rep., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
24.
Karlsrud, K. ( 1999). “Lessons learned from instrumented axial pile load tests in clay.” Distributed as a separate OTRC Conference on the Analysis, Design, Construction and Testing of Deep Foundations, Austin, Tex., April.
25.
Kirby, R. C., Esrig, M., and Murphy, B. S. ( 1983). “General effective stress method for piles in clay.” Proc., Conf. on Geotech. Pract. in Offshore Engrg., S. G. Wright, ed., ASCE, New York, 457–498.
26.
Kolk, H. J., and van der Velde. ( 1996). “A reliable method to determine friction capacity of piles driven into clays.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 337–346.
27.
Kulhawy, F. H., and Phoon, K.-K. ( 1993). “Drilled shaft side resistance in clay soil to rock.” Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 38, P. P. Nelson, T. D. Smith, and E. C. Clukey, eds., ASCE, New York, 172–183.
28.
Lambson, M. D., Clare, D. G., and Semple, R. M. ( 1993). “Investigation and interpretation of Pentre and Tilbrook Grange soil conditions.” Proc., Conf. on Recent Large-Scale Fully Instrumented Pile Tests in Clay, Thomas Telford, London, 134–196.
29.
Leifer, S. A., Kirby, R. C., and Esrig, M. I. ( 1979). “Effects of radial variation of material properties on stress changes due to consolidation around a driven pile.” Proc., Conf. on Numer. Methods in Offshore Piling, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 129–135.
30.
Matlock, H., Lam, I., and Cheang, L. ( 1982). “Analytical interpretation of pile installation and axial performance.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Numer. Methods in Offshore Piling, University of Texas/ICE, 133–162.
31.
McClelland, B. (1974). “Design of deep-penetration piles for ocean structures.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 100(7), 705–747.
32.
Meyerhof, G. G. (1976). “Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 102(3), 195–228.
33.
Murff, J. D. ( 1980). “Pile capacity in a softening soil.” Int. J. Numer. and Anal. Methods in Geomech., 4(2), 185–189.
34.
Olson, R. E. ( 1984). “Analysis of pile response under axial loads.” Geotech. Engrg. Rep. GR 84-18, Geotechnical Engineering Ctr., University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex.
35.
O'Neill, M. W. ( 1998). “Project 89 revisited.” Proc., Drilled Shaft Found. Symp.: Current Des. Prin. and Pract. (honoring Lymon C. Reese), S. S. Litke, ed., ADSC, Dallas, 7–47.
36.
O'Neill, M. W. ( 1999). “Foundation design in chaotic geomaterials: The H-3 project.” Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg. (Hamburg, 1997), Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2609–2612.
37.
O'Neill, M. W., Hawkins, R. A., and Mahar, L. J. ( 1981). “Field study of pile group action.” Rep. No. FHWA RD-81/002, Materials Div., Federal Highway Administration Offices of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
38.
O'Neill, M. W., Townsend, F. C., Hassan, K. M., Buller, A., and Chan, P. S. ( 1996). “Drilled shafts in intermediate geomaterials.” Rep. No. FHWA RD-95/172, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
39.
O'Neill, M. W., and Raines, R. D. (1991). “Load transfer for pipe piles in highly pressurized dense sand.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(8), 1208–1226.
40.
O'Neill, M. W., Vipulanandan, C., and Wong, D. (1990). “Laboratory modeling of vibro-driven piles.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(8), 1190–1209.
41.
O'Neill, M. W., and Hassan, K. M. ( 1994). “Drilled shafts: Effects of construction on performance and design criteria.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Des. and Constr. of Deep Found., Vol. 1, 137–187.
42.
Randolph, M. F., Carter, J., and Wroth, C. P. ( 1979). “Driven piles in clay—the effects of installation and subsequent consolidation.” Géotechnique, London, 29(4), 361–393.
43.
Randolph, M. F., and Murphy, B. S. ( 1985). “Shaft capacity of driven piles in clay.” Proc., Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 1, Houston, 371–378.
44.
Reese, L. C. (1978). “Design and construction of drilled shafts.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(1), 91–116.
45.
Reese, L. C., and O'Neill, M. W. ( 1988). “Field load tests of drilled shafts.” Deep foundations on bored and auger piles, W. F. Van Impe, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 145–191.
46.
Seed, H. B., and Reese, L. C. ( 1955). “The action of soft clay along friction piles.” Proc., ASCE, Vol. 81, Paper No. 842, December.
47.
Seidel, J. P. ( 1998). Program ROCKET, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
48.
Semple, R. M., and Rigden, W. J. ( 1984). “Shaft capacity of driven piles in clay.” Analysis and design of pile foundations, J. Ray Meyer, ed., ASCE, New York, 59–78.
49.
Terzaghi, K. ( 1943). Theoretical soil mechanics, Wiley, New York.
50.
Vesic, A. S. (1972). “Expansion of cavities in infinite soil mass.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 98(3), 265–290.
51.
Vesic, A. S. ( 1977). “Research on pile foundations.” Address given to the FHWA Project 4H Workshop, Federal Highway Administration, Atlanta, October.
52.
Vipulanandan, C., Wong, D., Ochoa, M., and O'Neill, M. W. (1990). “Behavior of vibro-driven piles in sand.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 116(8), 1211–1230.
53.
Wathugala, G. W., and Desai, C. S. ( 1989). “An analysis of piles in marine clay under cyclic loading.” Proc., 21st Offshore Technol. Conf., Vol. 2, Houston, 359–366.
54.
Whittle, A. J., (1987). ( 1987). “A constitutive model for overconsolidated clays with application to the cyclic loading at friction piles.” ScD thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
55.
Whittle, A. J. ( 1991). “Interpretation of pile load tests at the Haga site.” Proc., 10th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 267–274.
56.
Whittle, A. J. ( 1999). “Advances in modeling installation disturbance.” Distributed as a separate OTRC Conference on the Analysis, Design, Construction and Testing of Deep Foundations, Austin, Tex., April.
57.
Williams, A. F., Johnston, I. W., and Donald, I. B. ( 1980). “The design of socketed piles in weak rock.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Struct. Found. on Rock, Vol. 1, Sydney, Balkema, 327–347.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 127 • Issue 1 • January 2001
Pages: 3 - 16
History
Published online: Jan 1, 2001
Published in print: Jan 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.