Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction in Buildings. I: Analytical Methods
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 125, Issue 1
Abstract
Recent improvements in seismological source modeling, analysis of travel path effects, and characterization of local site effects on strong shaking have led to significant advances in both code-based and more advanced procedures for evaluating seismic demand for structural design. A missing link, however, has been an improved and empirically verified treatment of soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects on both the strong motions transmitted to structures and the structural response to these motions. This paper describes analysis procedures and system identification techniques for evaluating inertial SSI effects on seismic structural response. The analysis procedures are similar to provisions in some building codes but incorporate more rationally the influence of site conditions and the foundation embedment, flexibility, and shape on foundation impedance. Implementation of analysis procedures and system identification techniques is illustrated using a building shaken during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The analysis procedures predict the observed SSI effects accurately. A companion paper applies these analyses to empirically evaluate SSI effects using available strong motion data from a broad range of sites and then develops general conclusions regarding SSI effects on seismic structural excitation and response.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Applied Technology Council (ATC). ( 1978). “Tentative provisions for the development of seismic regulations for buildings: A cooperative effort with the design profession, building code interests, and the research community.” Rep. No. ATC 3-06, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.
2.
Apsel, R. J., and Luco, J. E. ( 1987). “Impedance functions for foundations embedded in a layered medium: An integral equation approach.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 15(2), 213–231.
3.
Aviles, J., and Perez-Rocha, L. E. ( 1996). “Evaluation of interaction effects on the system period and the system damping due to foundation embedment and layer depth.” Soil Dyn. and Earthquake Engrg., 15(1), 11–27.
4.
Bielak, J. ( 1975). “Dynamic behavior of structures with embedded foundations.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 3(3), 259–274.
5.
Boore, D. M., and Brown, L. T. ( 1998). “Comparing shear-wave velocity profiles from inversion of surface-wave velocities with downhole measurements: Systematic differences between the CXW method and downhole measurements at six USC strong motion sites.” Seism. Res. Letters, 69(3), 222–229.
6.
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC). ( 1997). “NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings, Part 1, Provisions and Part 2, Commentary. Rep. No. FEMA 302 and 303, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
7.
Dobry, R., and Gazetas, G. (1986). “Dynamic response of arbitrarily shaped foundations.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 112(2), 109–135.
8.
Duke, C. M., and Leeds, D. J. ( 1962). “Site characteristics of southern California strong motion earthquake stations.” Rep. No. 62-55, Dept. of Engrg., Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Calif.
9.
Elsabee, F., and Morray, J. P. ( 1977). “Dynamic behavior of embedded foundations.” Rep. No. R77-33, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
10.
Fenves, G. L., and DesRoches, R. ( 1994). “Response of the northwest connector in the Landers and Big Bear Earthquakes.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-94/12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
11.
Gohl, W. B. ( 1993). “Response of pile foundations to earthquake shaking—general aspects of behavior and design methodologies.” Proc., Seismic Soil/Struct. Interaction Seminar, Vancouver.
12.
Iguchi, M., and Luco, J. E. (1982). “Vibration of flexible plate on viscoelastic medium.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 108(6), 1103–1120.
13.
Kausel, E. ( 1974). “Forced vibrations of circular foundations on layered media.” Rep. No. R74-11, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
14.
Liou, G.-S., and Huang, P.-H. (1994). “Effect of flexibility on impedance functions for circular foundations.”J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 120(7), 1429–1446.
15.
Ljung, L. ( 1987). System identification: Theory for the user. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
16.
Ljung, L. ( 1995). System identification toolbox, users guide. The Math Works, Inc., Natick, Mass.
17.
Luco, J. E. ( 1980). “Linear soil-structure interaction.” Soil-structure interaction: The status of current analysis methods and research, J. J. Johnson, ed., Rep. No. NUREG/CR-1780 and UCRL-53011, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
18.
Novak, M. ( 1991). “Piles under dynamic loads.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotech. Engrg. and Soil Dyn., Univ. of Miss.-Rolla, Rolla, Mo., 2433–2456.
19.
Pandit, S. M. ( 1991). Modal and spectrum analysis. Wiley, New York.
20.
Riggs, H. R., and Waas, G. ( 1985). “Influence of foundation flexibility on soil-structure interaction.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 13(5), 597–615.
21.
Rodriguez-Ordonez, J. A. ( 1994). “A new method for interpretation of surface wave measurements in soils,” PhD dissertation, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C.
22.
Roesset, J. M. ( 1980). “A review of soil-structure interaction.” Soil-structure interaction: The status of current analysis methods and research, J. J. Johnson, ed., Rep. No. NUREG/CR-1780 and UCRL-53011, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. and Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
23.
Safak, E. (1991a). “Identification of linear structures using discrete-time filters.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 117(10), 3064–3085.
24.
Safak, E. (1991b). “Adaptive modeling, identification, and control of dynamic structural systems. I: Theory.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 115(11), 2386–2405.
25.
Schnabel, P. B., Lysmer, J., and Seed, H. B. ( 1972). “SHAKE: A computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered soil deposits.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-72/12, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
26.
Seed, R. B., Dickenson, S. E., and Mok, C. M. ( 1992). “Recent lessons regarding seismic response analyses of soft and deep clay sites.” Proc., Seminar on Seismic Des. and retrofit of bridges, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif., and Div. of Structures, California Dept. of Transportation, Sacramento, Calif., 18–39.
27.
Seed, H. B., Romo, M. P., Sun, J. I., Jaime, A., and Lysmer, J. ( 1988). “The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—relationships between soil conditions and earthquake ground motions.” Earthquake Spectra, 4(4), 687–729.
28.
Stewart, J. P., and Fenves, G. L. ( 1998). “System identification for evaluating soil-structure interaction effects in buildings from strong motion recordings.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 27, 869–885.
29.
Stewart, J. P., Seed, R. B., and Fenves, G. L. (1999). “Seismic soil-structure interaction in buildings. II: Empirical results.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 125(1), 38–48.
30.
Stewart, J. P., and Stewart, A. F. ( 1997). “Analysis of soil-structure interaction effects on building response from earthquake strong motion recordings at 58 sites. Rep. No. UCB/EERC-97/01, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif., 742.
31.
Todorovska, M. I. ( 1996). “Second Preliminary Release Of Records Of The Northridge Earthquake (17 January, 1994) At Stations Of The Los Angeles Strong Motion Network,” Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
32.
Uniform building code, 1997 edition. (1997). International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Calif.
33.
Veletsos, A. S., and Meek, J. W. ( 1974). “Dynamic behavior of building-foundation systems.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 3(2), 121–138.
34.
Veletsos, A. S., and Nair, V. V. (1975). “Seismic interaction of structures on hysteretic foundations.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 101(1), 109–129.
35.
Veletsos, A. S., and Verbic, B. ( 1973). “Vibration of viscoelastic foundations.” J. Earthquake Engrg. Struct. Dyn., 2(1), 87–102.
36.
Veletsos, A. S., and Wei, Y. T. (1971). “Lateral and rocking vibrations of footings.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 97(9), 1227–1248.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1999
Published in print: Jan 1999
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.