Bitumen Selection for Reduction of Downdrag on Piles
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 123, Issue 12
Abstract
Bitumen has been shown to reduce significantly the downdrag load on piles. The problem is to know how to choose the right bitumen for the job. The right bitumen must not deform excessively under gravity stresses during the storage period, must not deform excessively under dynamic stresses due to pile driving, must offer little shearing resistance and therefore downdrag during the soil settlement process, and must not let the soil particles penetrate excessively into the coating. Rational design approaches are developed for each of the four criteria on the basis of the fundamental behavior of bitumen, full-scale downdrag tests on 15 piles at a Northern and Southern site, and a series of laboratory tests. Guidelines are presented for the bitumen selection process and tips are given for the field application of the bitumen coating.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Acar, Y. B., Avent, R., and Taha, M. R. (1994). “Downdrag on friction piles: A case history.”Geotech. Spec. Publ. No. 40, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 986–999.
2.
Bakholdin, B. V., and Berman, V. I.(1975). “Investigation of negative skin friction on piles and suggestions on its calculations.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., ASCE, 2(4), 238–244.
3.
Baligh, M. M., Figi, H., Vivatrat, V., and Azzouz, A. M. (1981). “Design of bitumen coatings to reduce downdrag on piles.”Res. Rep. R80-42, Geotech. Order no. 686, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
4.
Baligh, M. M., Vivatrat, V., and Figi, H.(1978). “Downdrag on bitumen coated piles.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(11), 1355–1370.
5.
Bjerrum, L., Johannessen, I. J., and Eide, O.(1969). “Reduction of negative skin friction on steel piles to rock.”Proc., Seventh Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, 2, 27–34.
6.
Brand, E. W., and Luangdilok, N. (1975). “A long-term foundation failure caused by downdrag on piles.”Proc., Fourth Southeast Asian Conf. on Soil Engrg., Kuala Lumpur, Indonesia, 4.15–4.24.
7.
Briaud, J.-L. (1995). “Downdrag on bitumen coated piles.”Videotape to NCHRP, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
8.
Briaud, J.-L., and Garland, E.(1985). “Loading rate method for pile response in clay.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 111(3), 319–335.
9.
Briaud, J.-L., and Tucker, L. M. (1997). “Design and construction guidelines for downdrag on uncoated and bitumen coated piles.”NCHRP Rep 393, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D. C., 198.
10.
Briaud, J.-L., Viswanathan, R., Bush, R. K., Yeung, A. T., and Jeong, S. (1996). “Research on uncoated and bitumen-coated piles subjected to downdrag.”Rep. to NCHRP, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex., 339.
11.
Brons, K. F., Amesz, A. W., and Rinck, J. (1969). “The negative skin friction along the shaft of a foundation pile.”Proc., Seventh Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, Specialty Session 8.
12.
Claessen, A. I. M., and Horvat, E.(1974). “Reduction of negative skin friction with bitumen slip layers.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 100(8), 925–944.
13.
Clemente, F. M., Jr. (1984). “Downdrag, negative skin friction and bitumen coatings on prestressed concrete piles,” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Tulane Univ., Baton Rouge, La.
14.
Davisson, M. T.(1993). “Negative skin friction in piles and design decisions.”Proc., Third Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotech. Engrg., University of Missouri, Rolla, Mo., 3, 1694–1702.
15.
Fellenius, B. H. (1969). “Negative skin friction on piles in clay—A literature survey.”Proc., Seventh Int. Conf. On Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Mexico City, Mexico, 93–98.
16.
Garlanger, J. E. (1974). “Measurements of pile downdrag beneath a bridge abutment.”Transp. Res. Record 517, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 61–69.
17.
“Introduction to asphalt.” (1990). Rep. No.: MS-5, Asphalt Inst. Lexington, Ky.
18.
Lambe, T. W., Garlanger, J. E., and Leifer, S. A. (1974). “Prediction and field evaluation of downdrag forces on a single pile.”Res. Record No. R74-27, Soil Publ. No. 339, Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, Mass.
19.
Machan, G., and Squier, L. R.(1983). “Bitumen coating on piles to reduce downdrag.”Public roads, 46(4), 142–151.
20.
Roberts, F. L., Kandhal, P. S., Brown, E. R., Lee, D. Y., and Kennedy, T. W. (1991). Hot mix asphalt materials, mixture design, and construction. NAPA Res. and Education Found., Lanham, Md.
21.
“Roofing, waterproofing, and bituminous materials.” (1989). Annual book of standards, Vol. 04.04, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
22.
Visher, S. S. (1954). Climate atlas of the United States. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
23.
Walker, L. K., Darvall, L., and Le, P. (1973). “Dragdown on coated and uncoated piles.”Proc., Eighth Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Moscow, Russia, 257–262.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1997
Published in print: Dec 1997
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.