Flexural Strengthening of Steel Bridges with High Modulus CFRP Strips
This article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 13, Issue 2
Abstract
Acceptance of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials for strengthening concrete structures, together with the recent availability of higher modulus CFRP strips, has resulted in the possibility to also strengthen steel structures. Steel bridge girders and building frames may require strengthening due to corrosion induced cross-section losses or changes in use. An experimental study investigating the feasibility of different strengthening approaches was conducted. Large-scale steel-concrete composite beams, typical of bridge structures, were used to consider the effect of CFRP modulus, prestressing of the CFRP strips, and splicing finite lengths of CFRP strips. All of the techniques examined were effective in utilizing the full capacity of the CFRP material, and increasing the elastic stiffness and ultimate strength of the beams. Results of the experimental program were compared to an analytical model that requires only the beam geometry and the constitutive properties of the CFRP, steel, and concrete. This model was used to investigate the importance of several key parameters. Finally, an approach for design is proposed that considers the bilinear behavior of a typical strengthened beam to the elastic-plastic behavior of the same beam before strengthening.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant No. NSFEEC-0225055, the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) for the Repair of Buildings and Bridges with Composites , and Mitsubishi Chemical FP America.NSF
References
Aglan, H., Wang, Q. Y., and Kehoe, M. (2001). “Fatigue behavior of bonded composite repairs.” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 15(3), 1621–1634.
Allan, R. C., Bird, J., and Clarke, J. D. (1988). “Use of adhesives in repair of cracks in ship structures.” Mater. Sci. Technol., 4(10), 853–859.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2001). Manual of steel construction: Load and resistance factor design, 3rd Ed., American Institute of Steel Constuction, Chicago.
Armstrong, K. B. (1983). “Carbon fibre fabric repairs to metal aircraft structures.” Engineering with composites, Proc., Third Technology Conf., SAMPE European Chapter, London, 8.1–8.12.
Cadei, J. M. C., Stratford, T. J., Hollaway, L. C., and Duckett, W. H. (2004). Strengthening metallic structures using externally bonded fibre-reinforced composites (C595), CIRIA Publications, London.
Clarke, J. L., ed. (1996). Structural design of polymer composites: EUROCOMP design code and handbook, E & FN Spon, London.
Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D. (1997). Prestressed concrete structures, Response Publications, Canada.
Colombi, P., and Poggi, C. (2006). “An experimental, analytical and numerical study of the static behavior of steel beams reinforced by pultruded CFRP strips.” Composites, Part B, 37(1), 64–73.
Dawood, M. (2005). “Fundamental behavior of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials.” MS thesis, North Carolina State Univ.
Edberg, W., Mertz, D., and Gillespie, J., Jr. (1996). “Rehabilitation of steel beams using composite materials.” Proc., Materials for the New Millennium, ASCE, Reston, Va., 502–508.
El Damatty, A. A., Abushagur, M., and Youssef, M. A. (2003). “Experimental and analytical investigation of steel beams rehabilitated using GFRP sheets.” Steel Compos. Struct., 3(6), 421–438.
Galbraith, D. N., and Barnes, F. (1995). “Beryl Bravo—Blast walls conversion: Development and testing of steel/carbon fibre composite.” Proc., 5th Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., The Hague, The Netherlands, 229–236.
Hollaway, L. C., and Cadei, J. (2002). “Progress in the technique of upgrading metallic structures with advanced polymer composites.” Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 4(2), 131–148.
Institution of Structural Engineers (1999). A guide to the structural use of adhesives, The Institution of Structural Engineers, London.
Lee, Y. S., Wipf, T. J., Phares, B. M., and Klaiber, F. W. (2005). “Evaluation of a steel bridge girder strengthened with CFRP post-tension bars.” Transportation Research Record. 1928, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 233–244.
Liu, X., Silva, P. F., and Nanni, A. (2001). “Rehabilitation of steel bridge members with FRP composite materials.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Composites in Construction, J. Figueiras, L. Juvandes, and R. Furia, eds., Porto, Portugal, 613–617.
Luke, S. (2001). “The use of carbon fibre plates for the strengthening of two metallic bridges of an historic nature in the UK.” Proc., Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, J. G. Teng, ed., Hong Kong, China, Vol. 2, 975–983.
Mattock, A. H. (1979). “Flexural strength of prestressed concrete sections by programmable calculator.” PCI J., 24(1), 32–54.
Miller, T. C., Chajes, M. J., Mertz, D. R., and Hastings, J. N. (2001). “Strengthening of a steel bridge girder using CFRP plates.” J. Bridge Eng., 6(6), 514–522.
Phares, B. M., Wipf, T. J., Klaiber, F. W., Abu-Hawash, A., and Lee, Y. S. (2003). “Strengthening of steel girder bridges using FRP.” Proc., 2003 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symp., Ames, Iowa, 1–12.
Popovics, S. (1970). “A review of stress-strain relationships for concrete.” ACI J., 67(3), 243–248.
Schnerch, D. A. (2005). “Strengthening of steel structures with high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials.” Ph.D. dissertation, North Carolina State Univ.
Schnerch, D., Dawood, M., Rizkalla, S., and Sumner, E. (2007). “Proposed design guidelines for strengthening of steel bridges with FRP materials.” Constr. Build. Mater., accepted for publication.
Sen, R., Liby, L., and Mullins, G. (2001). “Strengthening steel bridge sections using CFRP laminates.” Composites, Part B, 32(4), 309–322.
Tavakkolizadeh, M., and Saadatmanesh, H. (2003). “Strengthening of steel-concrete composite girders using carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(1), 30–40.
Thorenfeldt, E., Tomaszewicz, A., and Jensen, J. J. (1987). “Mechanical properties of high-strength concrete and application in design.” Proc., Symp. Utilization of High Strength Concrete and Application in Design, Stavanger, Norway, Tapir, Trondheim, 149–159.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 13 • Issue 2 • March 2008
Pages: 192 - 201
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 1, 2007
Published online: Mar 1, 2008
Published in print: Mar 2008
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.