Capacity Evaluation of Exterior Sacrificial Shear Keys of Bridge Abutments
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 11, Issue 5
Abstract
Shear keys are used in bridge abutments to provide transverse support for the superstructure. The damage observed on bridge abutments in the aftermath of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake prompted the revision of the design of shear keys. As part of this revision, experimental and analytical work was conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of exterior shear keys in bridge abutments designed in accordance with current guidelines and to investigate shear keys designed for damage control. The latter work was aimed at providing guidance for seismic design of shear keys to act as structural fuses that would limit the input force in the abutment piles. Ten shear keys were designed and built at 1:2.5 scale of a prototype abutment design provided by Caltrans. The study concluded that a smooth construction joint should be considered at the interface of the shear key–abutment stem wall to allow sliding shear failure. A mechanism model was developed for capacity evaluation of shear keys with sliding shear failure. The results of the experimental program and development of the simple analytical model for capacity evaluation of exterior shear keys are presented in this paper.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgment
The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is gratefully acknowledged for its financial support (Contract # 59A0337) of the experimental research on sacrificial exterior shear keys, which was conducted at the Charles Lee Powell Structural Laboratory at the University of California, San Diego.
References
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2005). Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (ACI 318R-05), Farmington Hills, Mich.
Anderson, A. R. (1960). “Composite designs in precast and cast-in-place concrete.” Progressive Architecture, September, 172–179.
Bozorgzadeh, A., Megally, S. H., Restrepo, J. I., and Ashford, S. A. (2004). “Seismic response and capacity evaluation of exterior sacrificial shear keys in bridge abutments.” Structural Systems Research Rep. SSRP-2004/14, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Buyukozturk, O., Bakhoum, M. M., and Micheal Beattie, S. (1990). “Shear behavior of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 116(12), 3380–3401.
Caltrans. (1993a). Bridge design specifications, Sacramento, Calif.
Caltrans. (1993b). Bridge memo to designers manual, Section 5, Sacramento, Calif.
Cook, W. D., and Mitchell, D. (1988). “Studies of disturbed regions near discontinuities in reinforced concrete members.” ACI Mater. J., 85(2), 206–216.
Crisafulli, F. J., Restrepo, J. I., and Park, R. (2002). “Seismic design of lightly reinforced precast concrete rectangular wall panels.” PCI J., 47(4), 104–121.
Hagberg, T. (1983). “Design of concrete brackets: on the application of the truss analogy.” ACI J., 80(1), 3–12.
Hansen, R. J., Nawy, E. G., and Shah, J. M. (1961). “Response of concrete shear keys to dynamic loading.” ACI J., 32(11), 1475–1490.
Kaneko, Y., Connor, J. J., Triantafillou, T. C., and Leung, C. K. (1993). “Fracture mechanics approach for failure of concrete shear key. I: theory.” J. Eng. Mech., 119(4), 681–700.
Kaneko, Y., and Li, V. C. (1993). “Fracture behavior of shear key structures with a softening process zone.” Int. J. Fract., 59(4), 345–360.
Leonhardt, F., and Mönnig, E. (1973). “Vorlesungen über massivbau.” dritter Teil, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, S. 234–237.
Mast, R. F. (1968). “Auxiliary reinforcement in concrete connections.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 94(ST6), 1485–1504.
Mattock, A. H. (1974). “Shear transfer in concrete having reinforcement at an angle to the shear plane.” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, ACI Special Publication 42, 17–42.
Mattock, A. H. (1981). “Cyclic shear transfer and type of interface.” J. Struct. Div. ASCE, 107(ST10), 1945–1964.
Mattock, A. H., and Hawkins, N. M. (1972). “Research on shear transfer in reinforced concrete.” PCI J., 17(2), 55–75.
Mattock, A. H., Johel, L. S., and Chow, H. C. (1975). “Shear transfer in reinforced concrete with moment or torsion acting across the shear plane.” PCI J., 20(4), 76–93.
Megally, S. H., Silva, P. F., and Seible, F. (2001). “Seismic response of sacrificial shear keys in bridge abutments.” Structural Systems Research Rep. SSRP-2001/23, Department of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Moehle, J., Fenves, G., Mayes, R., Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., Uang, C.-M., Warner, S., and Aschheim, M. (1995). “Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994, reconnaissance report.” Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 1, The Professional J. of Earthquake Eng. Research Institute (EERI).
Paulay, T., Park, R., and Phillips, M. H. (1974). “Horizontal construction joints in cast in place reinforced concrete.” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, ACI Special Publication 42, 559–616.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Calvi, G. M. (1996). Seismic design and retrofit of bridges, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Priestley, M. J. N., Seible, F., and Uang, C.-M. (1994). “The Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994: Damage analysis of selected freeway bridges.” Structural Systems Research Rep. SSRP-94/06, Dept. of Structural Engineering, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
Schlaich, J., Schäfer, K., and Jennewein, M. (1987). “Toward a consistent design of structural concrete.” Special Rep., PCI J., 32(3), 74–150.
Silva, P. F., Megally, S., and Seible, F. (2002). “Performance of sacrificial exterior shear keys under simulated seismic loading.” ACI Mater. J., Special Publication 209, 681–700.
Silva, P. F., Megally, S., and Seible, F. (2003). “Seismic performance of sacrificial interior shear keys.” ACI Mater. J., 100(2), 177–187.
Tassios, T. P., and Vintzĕleeou, E. N. (1987). “Concrete-to-concrete friction.” J. Struct. Eng., 113(4), 832–849.
Walraven, J. C., Frénay, J., and Pruijssers, A. (1987). “Influence of concrete strength and load history on the shear friction capacity of concrete members.” PCI J., 32(1), 66–83.
Zielinski, Z. A. (1976). “Behavior and ultimate strength of rectangular reinforced concrete beams in bending and higher shear.” Engineering School Bulletin No. 81, Dept. of Engineering Research, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, N.C., 1–70.
Zielinski, Z. A., and Rigotti, M. (1995). “Tests on shear capacity of reinforced concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 121(11), 1660–1666.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 11 • Issue 5 • September 2006
Pages: 555 - 565
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Sep 20, 2004
Accepted: Aug 23, 2005
Published online: Sep 1, 2006
Published in print: Sep 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.