Design Guidelines for Community Shelters for Extreme Wind Events
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 8, Issue 2
Abstract
The design of shelter structures has received little attention from the engineering community since the days of nuclear fallout shelters, until the development of guidance for community shelters for cases of extreme wind events was released by FEMA in July 2000 (FEMA 361). To respond to the recent demand for community shelters, many states are designating existing schools or other public buildings, such as community centers or multipurpose buildings, as public shelter areas. In most cases these buildings, or portions of these buildings, were never designed for use as shelters. Most of the designated shelters were designed and constructed according to older local building codes that do not include requirements for extreme wind pressures and uplift. Even recently designed structures have been found to have inadequate features for a high-wind shelter, particularly with respect to cladding and architectural features that are vulnerable to damage from high winds and windborne debris. Damage to the cladding is often the beginning of building failure and occupant injury during an extreme wind event. This paper identifies critical issues and gaps in presently available technology for evaluating proposed shelters and providing retrofit guidance to building owners. The writers’ experience with inspections of designated shelters, proposed retrofit recommendations, and damage investigations of buildings affected by hurricanes or tornadoes is summarized. Recommendations for design considerations that include the current standards of practice as outlined in FEMA 361, ASCE 7-98, and the Florida Shelter Evaluation Guidelines are given.
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References
“Design and construction guidance for community shelters.” (2000). FEMA 361, Federal Emergency Management Agency.
“Factory mutual system loss prevention data.” (1984). Tech. Advisory Bull. 1–29, October.
Guidelines for hurricane evacuation shelter selection. (1992). ARC 4496, American Red Cross.
“Midwest tornadoes of May 3, 1999.” (1999). Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 342.
“Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” (1998). ASCE Standard ASCE 7-98, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va.
Model Hurricane Evacuation Shelter Selection Guidelines. (1997). State of Florida, Department of Community Affairs, Division of Emergency Management, Tallahassee, Fla.
National performance criteria for tornado shelters. (1999). Federal Emergency Management Agency, May 28.
Standard for the design, construction, and performance of storm shelters. (2001). National Storm Shelter Association, Lubbock, Tex., http://www.nssa.cc/association_standard.htm
“Taking shelter from the storm: Building a safe room inside your house.” (1998). FEMA 320, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
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Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 3, 2001
Accepted: Dec 19, 2001
Published online: May 15, 2002
Published in print: Jun 2002
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