Apparatus for Testing the Combined Effects of Deformation and Chemical Exposure on Polymeric Liners
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22, Issue 3
Abstract
A new experimental apparatus was developed for determining the combined effects of mechanical stress and chemical exposure on the long-term durability of polymeric liners, which are widely used in civil and environmental engineering applications. The apparatus is capable of bending and holding up to 12 coupon-type specimens at predetermined levels of deflection while simultaneously exposing the specimens to a chemical solution bath. The apparatus was used to study the effects of three levels of deformation of 0.0, 0.03, and 0.08 mm/mm normalized deflection at the midspan of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimens ( or ). The bent specimens were immersed in deionized water, chlorine (3 or 800 mg/L) or trichloroethylene (TCE) (3 or 1,000 mg/L) solution baths. The specimens were then stored at a constant temperature (23, 50, or , 122, or ) for a predetermined period of 1,250, 2,500, 3,750, and 5,000 h. Results of the tests indicate that neither TCE nor chlorine affect the modulus of elasticity of the tested HDPE and LDPE materials, whereas deformation at 8% normalized deflection (in deionized water and the chemical solutions) reduced the flexural modulus of elasticity of HDPE. In addition, elevated temperature combined with deformation had a notable effect on the ultimate strength of HDPE and elevated temperature only made all of the LDPE specimens fail.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This work was performed at Tulane University as a part of the primary writer’s doctoral dissertation. The study was supported by the Spaar Family Endowment and J. Bennett Johnston Science Foundation under Grant No. UNSPECIFIED78. The writers thank Richard Hart, Paul Ziehl, Daniel De Kee, Juan Hinestroza, and San Hla Aung, for their technical advice, Ana Maria Ocampo for chemical analyses, and Anthony Jensen and Mickey Alexander for assistance in designing and fabricating the bending apparatus.
References
ASTM. (1995). “Standard practices for evaluating the resistance of plastics to chemical reagents.” D543, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (1998). “Standard practice for rehabilitation of existing pipelines and conduits by the inversion and curing of a resin-impregnated tube.” F1216, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials.” D790, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Bakeer, R. M., Barber, M. E., Taylor, J., and Pechon, S. (2001). “Long-term buckling performance of HDPE liners.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 13(3), 176–185.
Bakeer, R. M., Miao, X., Sever, V. F., and Boyd, G. R. (2004). “Chemical resistance tests of four polymeric liner materials.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Trenchless Tech.: No-Dig ’04, North American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT), Arlington, Va.
Barrett, W. M., and Stessel, R. I. (1999). “Correlating solubility of chemicals and mixtures with strength of exposed high-density polyethylene geomembrane.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(8), 1274–1279.
Boot, J. C., Guan, Z. W., and Toropova, I. L. (1996). “The structural performance of thin-walled polyethylene pipe linings for the renovation of water mains.” Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., 11(1), 37–51.
Boyd, G. R., et al. (2004a). “Intrusion within a simulated water distribution system due to hydraulic transient—Part 1: Description of test rig and chemical tracer method.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(7), 774–777.
Boyd, G. R., et al. (2004b). “Intrusion within a simulated water distribution system due to hydraulic transient—Part 2: Volumetric method and comparison of results.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(7), 778–783.
Boyd, G. R., Tarbet, N. K., Kirmeyer, G. J., Murphy, B. M., Serpente, R. F., and Zammitt, M. (2001). “Selecting lead pipe rehabilitation and replacement technologies.” J. AWWA, 93(7), 74–87.
Brocca, D., Arvin, E., and Mosbæk, H. (2002). “Identification of organic compounds migrating from polyethylene pipelines into drinking water.” Water Res., 36, 3675–3680.
Brown, N., Bassani, J., Kamei, E., and Bhattacharya, S. (1983). “Effects of gaseous environment on the mechanical failure of polyethylene pipe materials.” National Technical Information Service Rep. No. GRI-82/003, Gas Research Institute, Chicago.
Dear, P. D., and Mason, N. S. (2001). “The effects of chlorine depletion of antioxidants in polyethylene.” Polym. Polym. Compos., 9(1), 1–13.
Downing, D., and Clark, J. (1997). Statistics—The easy way, Barron’s, Hauppauge, N.Y., 194–198.
Dudzik, B. E., and Tisinger, L. G. (1990). “An evaluation of chemical compatibility test results of high density polyethylene geomembrane exposed to industrial waste leachate.” ASTM special technical publication 1081, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 37–54.
Edward, R. (1999). “Experimenting with trenchless technology.” Water Eng. Manage., 146(4), 18–19.
Ferry, J. D. (1980). Viscoelastic properties of polymers, Wiley, New York.
Findley, W. N., James, S. L., and Onaran, K. (1989). Creep and relaxation of nonlinear viscoelastic materials, Dover, New York.
Hinestroza, J., and DeKee, D. (2004). “Permeation of organics through linear low density polyethylene geomembranes under mechanical deformation.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(12), 1468–1474.
Hosoda, S., Seki, Y., and Kihara, H. (1993). “Chemiluminesence imaging of polymer materials under thermal oxidation and stress.” Polymer, 34(22), 4602–4606.
Jeyapalan, J. K. (2000). “Future outlook for trenchless pipeline rehabilitation technologies.” Proc., Environmental and Pipeline Engineering 2000: Proc., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) National Conf. on Environmental and Pipeline Engineering, ASCE, Reston, Va.
Montgomery, D. C. (2001). Design and analysis of experiments, 5th Ed., Wiley, New York.
Pankow, J. F., and Cherry, J. A. (1996). Dense chlorinated solvents and other DNAPLs in groundwater, Waterloo, Portland, Ore.
Park, S. W., and Kim, Y. R. (2001). “Fitting prony-series viscoelastic model with power-law presmoothing.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 13(1), 26–32.
Rapoport, N. Y., and Zaikov, G. E. (1986). “Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of stressed polymer.” Developments in polymer degradation-6, Chapter 7, Elsevier Science, New York, 207–258.
Reiber, S. (1993). “Investigating the effects of chloramines on elastomer degradation.” J. AWWA, 85(8), 101–111.
Sever, V. F. (2006). “Method for evaluating performance of polymeric liners for environmental applications.” Ph.D. dissertation, Tulane Univ., New Orleans.
Straughan, W. T., Guice, L. K., and Mal-Duraipandian, C. (1995). “Long-term structural behavior of pipeline rehabilitation systems.” J. Infrastruct. Syst., 1(4), 214–220.
U.S. EPA. (1992). “Method 9090A: Compatibility test for wastes and membrane liners.” ⟨http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/9090a.pdf⟩ (December 10, 2009).
Ward, I. M. (1971). Mechanical properties of solid polymers, Wiley, New York.
Yang, R., Liu, Y., Yu, J., and Wang, K. (2006). “Thermal oxidation products and kinetics of polyethylene composites.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 91(8), 1651–1657.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22 • Issue 3 • March 2010
Pages: 227 - 235
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 4, 2008
Accepted: Oct 16, 2009
Published online: Feb 12, 2010
Published in print: Mar 2010
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Hilary I. Inyang
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.