Tensile Strength Bearing Ratio and Slake Durability of Class F Fly Ash Stabilized with Lime and Gypsum
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 18, Issue 1
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation on tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability characteristics of a class F fly ash stabilized with lime alone or in combination with gypsum. The effects of lime content (4, 6, and 10%), gypsum content (0.5 and 1.0%), and curing period (up to ) on the tensile strength, bearing ratio, and durability characteristics of the stabilized fly ash are highlighted. Unconfined compressive strength test results for the mixes cured up to are presented to develop relationships between different tensile strengths (Brazilian and flexural) and unconfined compressive strength. Both soaked and unsoaked bearing ratio tests were also carried out on this stabilized fly ash. The Brazilian tensile strength of the lime and gypsum stabilized fly ash mixes varied between 309 and for curing. The flexural strength of the lime and gypsum stabilized mixes cured for varied between 665 and . Fly ash stabilized with lime and gypsum showed medium durability at curing and there was enhancement of durability with increase in curing period. Empirical models to estimate tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability indices of stabilized fly ash from unconfined compressive strength test results are also proposed herein. With enhanced tensile strength and durability characteristics, the stabilized fly ash may find potential use in civil engineering construction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASTM. (1985). “ASTM standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of soil.” ASTM D2166, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (1989). “ASTM standard test method for flexural strength of soil cement using simple beam with three point loading.” ASTM D1635, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (1992a). “Annual book of ASTM standards.” ASTM D698, Vol. 04.08, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (1992b). “ASTM standard on soil stabilization with admixtures.” ASTM D3668, 2nd Ed., Philadelphia.
ASTM. (1992c). “ASTM standard test method for slake durability of shales and similar weak rocks.” ASTM D4644-87, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (2003). “Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete.” ASTM C618, Philadelphia.
Barenberg, E. J. (1974). “Utilization of ash in stabilized base construction.” Information Circular 8640, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 180–196.
Chu, T. Y., Davidson, D. T., Goecker, W. L., and Moh, Z. C. (1955). “Soil stabilization with lime-flyash mixtures: Preliminary studies with silty and clayey soils.” HRB Bull., 108, 102–112.
Clough, G. W., Sitar, N., Bachus, R. C., and Rad, N. S. (1981). “Cemented sands under static loading.” J. Geotech. Eng., 107(6), 799–817.
Consoli, N. C., Prietto, P. D. M., Carraro, J. A. H., and Heineck, K. S. (2001). “Behavior of compacted soil-fly ash-carbide lime mixtures.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(9), 774–782.
Cumberledge, G., Hoffman, G. L., and Bhajandas, A. C. (1976). “Curing and tensile strength characteristics of aggregate-lime-pozzolan.” Transportation Research Record 559, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 21–29.
Das, B. M., Yen, S. C., and Dass, R. N. (1995). “Brazilian tensile strength test of lightly cemented sand.” Can. Geotech. J., 32, 166–171.
Davidson, D. T., Mateos, M., and Katti, R. K. (1959). “Activation of the lime-fly ash by trace chemicals.” HRB Bull., 231, 67–81.
Dhir, R. K. (1986). “Pulverized fuel ash.” Cement replacement material, Surrey University Press, London, 197–255.
DiGioia, A. M., and Nuzzo, W. L. (1972). “Fly ash as structural fill.” J. Power Div. (Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.), 98(1), 77–92.
Draper, N. R., and Smith, H. (1998). Applied regression analysis, Wiley, New York.
Franklin, J. A., and Chandra, R. (1972). “The slake—durability test.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 9, 325–341.
Franklin, J. A., and Dusseault, M. B. (1989). Rock engineering, International Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Ghosh, A. (1996). “Environmental and engineering characteristics of stabilized low lime fly ash.” PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (1998). “Hydraulic conductivity and leachate characteristics of stabilized fly ash.” J. Environ. Eng., 124(9), 812–820.
Ghosh, A., and Subbarao, C. (2001). “Microstructural development in fly ash modified with lime and gypsum.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 13(1), 65–70.
Goecker, W. L., Moh, Z. C., Davidson, D. T., and Chu, T. Y. (1956). “Stabilization of fine and coarse-grained soils with lime-flyash admixtures.” HRB Bull., 129, 63–82.
Goodman, R. E. (1989). Introduction to rock mechanics, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
Gray, D. H., and Lin, Y. K. (1972). “Engineering properties of compacted fly ash.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 98(4), 361–380.
International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM). (1981). Suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring, ISRM Commission on Testing Methods, E. T. Brown, ed., Pergamon, Oxford, U.K.
Joshi, R. C., Duncan, D. M., and McMaster, H. M. (1975). “New and conventional engineering uses of fly ash.” J. Transp. Eng., 101(4), 791–806.
Joshi, R. C., Natt, G. S., and Wright, P. J. (1981). “Soil improvement by lime–fly ash slurry injection.” X Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 3, 707–712.
Kim, S. S., and Chun, B. S. (1994). “The study on a practical use of wasted coal fly ash for coastal reclamation.” XIII Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1607–1612.
Maher, M. H., and Balaguru, P. N. (1993). “Properties of flowable high-volume fly ash-cement composite.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 5(2), 212–225.
Mitchell, R. J., and Wong, B. C. (1982). “Behaviour of cemented tailings sands.” Can. Geotech. J., 19, 289–295.
Natt, G. S., and Joshi, R. C. (1984). “Properties of cement and lime-fly ash stabilized aggregate.” Transportation Research Record 998, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 32–40.
Raymond, S. (1958). “The utilization of pulverised fuel ash.” Civ. Eng. Public Works Rev., 53, 1013–1016.
Raymond, S. (1961). “Pulverized fuel ash as embankment material.” Proc. Inst. of Civ. Eng. (UK), 19, 515–536.
Russell, D. J. (1982). “Controls on shale durability: The response of two Ordovician shales in the slake durability test.” Can. Geotech. J., 19, 1–13.
Sobhan, K., and Mashnad, M. (2002). “Tensile strength and toughness of soil–cement–fly-ash composite reinforced with recycle high-density polyethylene strips.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14(2), 177–184.
Subbarao, C., and Ghosh, A. (1997). “Fly ash management by stabilization.” J. Solid Waste Technol. Manage., 24(3), 126–130.
Vasquez, E., and Alonso, E. E. (1981). “Fly ash stabilization of decomposed granite.” X Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 2, 391–395.
Viskochil, R. K., Handy, R. L., and Davidson, D. T. (1957). “Effect of density on strength of lime-fly ash stabilized soil.” HRB Bull., 183, 5–15.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Jun 22, 2004
Accepted: Dec 17, 2004
Published online: Feb 1, 2006
Published in print: Feb 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Manoochehr Zoghi
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.