Nonlinear Coupling of Carbonation and Chloride Diffusion in Concrete
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 17, Issue 3
Abstract
External reinforced concrete elements exposed to chloride and/or will eventually have a lower pH, which in turn will depassivate the reinforcement and initiate corrosion, thus causing spalling. This paper seeks to address the complex multiphysics nature of concrete environmental damage, which is governed by coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. Heat, relative pore humidity, chloride, and carbonation are all implemented in a two-dimensional coupled nonlinear finite-difference code. Coupling between carbonation and chloride diffusion is explored in the context of both homogeneous and heterogeneous concrete models. Numerical simulations results are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to thank Professors Xi and Saetta for their enthusiastic support throughout this research. The writers would also like to acknowledge the financial support of the Royal Thai Government Scholarship and the National Science Foundation through Grant No. CMS-0070051 (Dr. K. Chong).
References
Ababneh, A., Benboudjema, F., and Xi, Y. (2003). “Chloride penetration in nonsaturated concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 15(2), 183–191.
Bažant, Z. P., and Najjar, L. J. (1972). “Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturated concrete.” Mater. Constr. (Paris), 5, 3–20.
Bažant, Z. P., and Thonguthai, W. (1978). “Pore pressure and drying of concrete at high temperature.” J. Eng. Mech. Div., 104(5), 1059–1079.
Blight, G. (1991). “A study of four waterproofing systems for concrete.” Mag. Concrete Res., 43(156), 197–203.
Chang, S. (2002). “Fracture mechanics based simulation of fractured and heterogeneous materials.” MS thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
De Ceukelaire, L., and Van Nieuwenburg, D. (1993). “Accelerated carbonation of a blast-furnace cement concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 23, 442–452.
Hansen, E., and Saouma, V. (1999). “Numerical simulation of concrete deterioration. II: Steel corrosion and concrete fracture.” ACI Mater. J., 96(3) 331-338.
Ho, D., and Lewis, R. (1988). “The specification of concrete for reinforcement protection—performance criteria and compliance by strength.” Cem. Concr. Res., 18(4), 584–594.
Houst, Y. (1997). “Microstructural changes of hydrated cement paste due to carbonisation.” Mechanisms of chemical degradation of cement-based systems, E&FN Spon, London, 89–97.
Houst, Y., Roelfstra, P., and Wittmann, F. (1983). “A model to predict service life of concrete structures.” Proc., Int. Colloquium on Material Science and Restoration, Filderstadt, Germany.
Ihekwaba, N., Hope, B., and Hansson, C. (1996). “Carbonation and electrochemical chloride extraction from concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 26(7), 1095–1107.
Johannesson, B., and Utgenannt, P. (2001). “Microstructural changes caused by carbonation of cement mortar.” Cem. Concr. Res., 31, 925–931.
Marion, M., and Urban, K. (1995). “User’s manual for TMY2s.” Technical Rep., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colo.
Midgley, H., and Illston, J. (1984). “The penetration of chlorides into hardened cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Res., 14, 546–558.
Ngala, V., and Page, C. (1997). “Effects of carbonation on pore structure and diffusional properties of hydrated cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res., 27(7), 995–1007.
Puatatsananon, W. (2002). “Deterioration of reinforced and massive concrete: A multi-physics approach.” PhD thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
Rosenburg, D. (1969). Methods for numerical solutions of partial differential equations, Elsevier, New York.
Saetta, A., Schrefler, B., and Vitaliani, R. (1993a). “The carbonation of concrete and the mechanism of moisture, heat, and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 23, 761–772.
Saetta, A., Schrefler, B., and Vitaliani, R. (1995). “2-D model for carbonation and moisture/heat flow in porous materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(8), 1703–1712.
Saetta, A., Scotta, R., and Vitaliani, R. (1993b). “Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete.” ACI Mater. J., 90(5), 441–451.
Sarott, F., Bradbury, M., Pandolfo, P., and Spieler, P. (1992). “Diffusion and adsorption studies on hardened cement paste and the effect of carbonation on diffusion rates.” Cem. Concr. Res., 22, 439–444.
Suryavanshi, A., Scantelbury, J., and Lyon, S. (1995). “Pore size distribution of OPC and SRPC mortars in presence of chlorides.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(5), 980–988.
Suryavanshi, A., and Swamy, R. (1996). “Stability of Friedel’s salt in carbonated concrete structural elements.” Cem. Concr. Res., 26(5), 729–741.
Tang, L., and Nilsson, L. (1993). “Chloride binding capacity and binding isotherms of opc pastes and mortars.” Cem. Concr. Res., 23, 247–253.
Xi, Y. (1995). “A model for moisture capacities of composite materials—formulation.” Comput. Mater. Sci., 4, 65–77.
Xi, Y., and Bažant, Z. (1999). “Modeling chloride penetration in saturated concrete.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 11(1), 58–65.
Xi, Y., Bažant, Z., and Jennings, H. (1994a). “Moisture diffusion in cementitious materials: Adsorption isotherms.” J. Ad. Cementitious Mater., 1, 248–257.
Xi, Y., Bažant, Z., Molina, L., and Jennings, H. (1994b). “Moisture diffusion in cementitious materials: Moisture capacity and diffusivity.” J. Ad. Cementitious Mater., 1, 258–266.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 17 • Issue 3 • June 2005
Pages: 264 - 275
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 6, 2004
Accepted: Apr 6, 2004
Published online: Jun 1, 2005
Published in print: Jun 2005
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Yunping Xi
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.