Deformation Mechanisms of Pure Bitumen
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 9, Issue 3
Abstract
Experimental data for pure bitumens and simplified theoretical models for their deformation behavior are assembled into a single framework that summarizes their steady-state inelastic response to stress. A number of regimes are identified: a low temperature elastic regime, a low temperature plastic regime, a power-law creep regime, and a Newtonian flow regime. Data for a number of pure bitumens are fitted to constitutive equations for each regime. The equations are then used to construct deformation mechanism maps for a particular type of bitumen commonly used in pavement construction in the U.K. These maps relate strength to temperature and strain rate over a wide range of these variables.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ahmad, Z. B., and Ashby, M. F.(1988). “Failure-mechanism maps for engineering polymers.”J. Mat. Sci., 23, 2037–2050.
2.
Altegelt, K. H., and Harle, O. L.(1975). “The effect of asphaltenes on asphalt viscosity.”Industrial and Engrg. Chem. Product Res. and Devel., 14, 240–246.
3.
Anderson, D. A., Christensen, D. W., and Bahia, H.(1991). “Physical properties of asphalt cement and the development of performance-related specifications.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 60, 437–532.
4.
Binder characterization and evaluation. Volume 2. Physical characterization (SHRP-A-369). (1994). Strategic Hwy. Res. Program, Nat. Res. Council, Nat. Acad. of Sci., Washington, D.C.
5.
Brodnyan, J. G.(1958). “Use of rheological and other data in asphalt engineering problems.”Hwy. Res. Bull., 192, 1–19.
6.
Brodnyan, J. G., Gaskins, F. H., Philippoff, W., and Thelen, E.(1960). “The rheology of asphalt. III: Dynamic mechanical properties of asphalt.”Trans. Soc. of Rheology, 4, 279–296.
7.
Brown, A. B., and Sparks, J. W.(1958). “Viscoelastic properties of a penetration grade paving asphalt at winter temperature.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 27, 35–51.
8.
Brule, B., Ramond, G., and Such, C. (1986). “Relationships between composition, structure, and properties of road asphalts: state of research at the French Public Works Central Laboratory.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1096, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 22–34.
9.
Bukka, K., Miller, J. D., Hanson, F. V., Misra, M., and Oblad, A. G.(1994). “The influence of carboxylic acid content on bitumen viscosity.”Fuel, 73, 257–268.
10.
Bukka, K., Miller, J. D., and Oblad, A. G. (1991). “Fractionation and characterization of Utah tar sand bitumens: influence of chemical composition on bitumen viscosity.”Energy and Fuels, 333–340.
11.
Cheung, C. Y. (1995). “Mechanical behaviour of bitumens and bituminous mixes,” PhD thesis, Dept. of Engrg., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, U.K.
12.
Christensen, D. W., and Anderson, D. A.(1992). “Interpretation of dynamic mechanical test data for paving grade asphalt.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 61, 67–116.
13.
Claudy, P., Letoffe, J. M., King, G. N., Planche, J. P., and Brule, B.(1991). “Characterization of paving asphalts by differential scanning calorimetry.”Fuel Sci. and Technol. Int., 9(1), 71–92.
14.
Cross, M. M.(1965). “Rheology of non-Newtonian fluids: a new flow equation for pseudoplastic systems.”J. Colloid Sci., 20, 417–437.
15.
Cukierman, M., Lane, J. W., and Uhlmann, D. R.(1973). “High-temperature flow behaviour of glass-forming liquids: a free-volume interpretation.”J. Chemical Phys., 59, 3639–3644.
16.
Dickie, J. P., and Yen, T. F.(1967). “Macrostructures of the asphaltic fractions by various instrumental methods.”Analytical Chem., 39(14), 1847–1852.
17.
Dickinson, E. J., and Witt, H. P.(1969). “The visco-elastic behaviour of confined thin films of bitumens in tension compression.”Trans. Soc. of Rheology, 13(4), 485–511.
18.
Dobson, G. R.(1969). “The dynamic mechanical properties of bitumen.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 38, 123–139.
19.
Dobson, G. R.(1972). “On the development of rational specifications for the rheological properties of bitumens.”J. Inst. of Petr., 58(559), 14–24.
20.
Ferry, J. D. (1980). Viscoelastic properties of polymers, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
21.
Ferworn, K. A., Mehrotra, A. K., and Svrcek, W. Y.(1993). “Measurement of asphaltene agglomeration from Cold Lake bitumen diluted with n-alkanes.”The Can. J. Chemical Engrg., 71, 699–703.
22.
Frost, H. J., and Ashby, M. F. (1982). Deformation-mechanism maps: the plasticity and creep of metals and ceramics. Pergamon Press, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.
23.
Gaskins, F. H., Brodnyan, J. G., Philippoff, W., and Thelen, E.(1960). “The rheology of asphalt. II: Flow characteristics of asphalt.”Trans. Soc. of Rheology, 4(435), 265–278.
24.
Gilbert, D. G., Ashby, M. E., and Beaumont, P. W. R.(1986). “Modulus-maps for amorphous polymers.”J. Mat. Sci., 21, 3194–3210.
25.
Halstead, W. J., Rostler, F. S., and White, R. M.(1966). “Properties of highway asphalts—part III, influence of chemical composition.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 35, 91–138.
26.
Heithaus, J. J.(1962). “Measurement and significance of asphaltene peptization.”J. Inst. of Petr., 48(458), 45–53.
27.
Heukelom, W.(1973). “An improved method of characterizing asphaltic bitumens with the aid of their mechanical properties.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 42, 67–98.
28.
Hirose, H., Tsuyuki, U., and Wada, Y.(1963). “Physical properties of asphalt at different stages of blowing process.”Oyobutsur, 32, 29–36.
29.
Huyuh, H. K., Khong, T. D., Malhotra, S. L., and Blanchard, L.-P.(1978). “Effect of molecular weight and composition on the glass transition temperatures of asphalts.”Analytical Chem., 50(7), 976–979.
30.
Jongepier, R., and Kuilman, B.(1969). “Characteristics of the rheology of bitumens.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 38, 98–122.
31.
Khong, T. D., Malhotra, S. L., and Blanchard, L.-P. (1978a). “Effect of shear rate, penetration and temperature on the viscosity of asphalts.”J. Inst. of Petr.
32.
Khong, T. D., Malhotra, S. L., and Blanchard, L.-P.(1978b). “A study of the glass transition temperature of asphalts and their viscosity.”Rheologica Acta, 17, 654–662.
33.
Khong, T. D., Malhotra, S. L., and Blanchard, L.-P.(1979). “Rheological behaviour of asphalts.”Rheologica Acta, 18, 382–391.
34.
Laughlin, W. T., and Uhlmann, D. R.(1972). “Viscous flow in simple organic liquids.”J. Phys. Chem., 76(16), 2317–2325.
35.
Lee, A. R., and Warren, J. B.(1940). “The flow properties of asphaltic bitumens with reference to road behavior.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 11, 340–364.
36.
Lethersich, W.(1942). “The mechanical behaviour of bitumen.”J. Soc. of Chemical Industry, Trans. and Communications, 61, 101–108.
37.
Lian, H., Lin, J.-R., and Yen, T. F.(1994). “Peptization studies of asphaltene and solubility parameter spectra.”Fuel, 73, 423–428.
38.
Mack, C. J.(1932). “Colloid chemistry of asphalt.”J. Phys. Chem., 36, 2901–2914.
39.
Majidzadeh, K., and Schweyer, H. E.(1967). “Viscoelastic response of asphalts in the vicinity of the glass transition point.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 36, 80–105.
40.
Mehrotra, A. K., and Svrcek, W. Y.(1986). “Viscosity of compressed Athabasca bitumen.”The Can. J. Chemical Engrg., 64, 844–847.
41.
Mehrotra, A. K., and Svrcek, W. Y.(1987). “Viscosity of compressed Cold Lake bitumen.”The Can. J. Chemical Engrg., 65, 672–675.
42.
Moavenzadeh, F., and Stander, R. R. (1967). “Effect of aging on flow properties of asphalts.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 178, 1–29.
43.
Nellensteyn, F. J.(1924). “The constitution of asphalt.”J. Instn. of Petr. Technologists, 10, 311–325.
44.
Noel, F., and Corbett, L. W.(1970). “A study of the crystalline phases in asphalts.”J. Inst. of Petr., 56(551), 261–268.
45.
Penny, R. K., and Marriott, D. L. (1971). Design for creep. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, N.Y.
46.
Petersen, J. C. (1984). “Chemical composition of asphalt as related to asphalt durability: state of the art.”Transp. Res. Rec. 999, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 13–30.
47.
Pfeiffer, J. P. (ed.) (1950). The properties of asphaltic bitumen. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
48.
Puttagunta, V. R., Singh, B., and Miadonye, A.(1993). “Correlation of bitumen viscosity with temperature and pressure.”The Can. J. Chemical Engrg., 71, 447–450.
49.
Reerink, H.(1973). “Size and shape of asphaltene particles in relationship to high-temperature viscosity.”Industrial and Engrg. Chem. Product Res. and Devel., 12(1), 82–88.
50.
Rostler, F. S., and White, R. M.(1962). “Composition and changes in composition of highway asphalts, 85-100 penetration grade.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 31, 271–327.
51.
Ruth, B. E., and Schweyer, H. E. (1981). “Asphalt and mixture rheology as related to cracking of asphalt concrete pavements.”Proc., 18th Paving Conf., J. E. Martinez, ed., 44–82.
52.
Saal, R. N. J. (1950a). “Physical properties of asphaltic bitumen. 1. Rheological properties.”The properties of asphaltic bitumen, J. P. Pfeiffer, ed., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 49–76.
53.
Saal, R. N. J. (1950b). “Physical properties of asphaltic bitumen. 2. Surface phenomena, thermal and electrical properties, etc.”The properties of asphaltic bitumen, J. P. Pfeiffer, ed., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., 77–108.
54.
Sakanone, S. (1963a). Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 84(5), 384–392.
55.
Sakanone, S. (1963b). Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 84(6), 474–480.
56.
Schmidt, R. J., and Barrall, E. M.(1965). “Asphalt transitions.”J. Inst. of Petr., 51(497), 162–168.
57.
Schmidt, J., and Santucci, L. E.(1966). “A practical method for determining the glass transition temperature of asphalts and calculation of their low temperature viscosities.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 35, 61–90.
58.
Schweyer, H. E.(1974). “Glass transition of asphalts under pressure.”J. of Testing and Evaluation, 2(1), 50–56.
59.
Schweyer, H. E., Baxley, R. L., and Burns, A. M. (1977). “Low-temperature rheology of asphalt cements—rheological background.”Low-temperature properties of bituminous materials and compacted bituminous paving mixtures; Spec. Tech. Publ. 628, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.
60.
Sisko, A. W. (1965). “Determination and treatment of asphalt viscosity data.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 67, 27–37.
61.
Sisko, A. W., and Brunsgtrum, L. C.(1968). “The rheology properties of asphalts in relation to durability and pavement performance.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 37, 448–475.
62.
Storm, D. A., Sheu, E. Y., and DeTar, M. M.(1993). “Macrostructure of asphaltenes in vacuum residue by small-angle X-ray scattering.”Fuel, 72, 977–981.
63.
Sybilski, D.(1993). “Non-Newtonian viscosity of polymer-modified bitumens.”Mat. and Struct., 26, 15–23.
64.
van der Poel, C.(1954). “A general system describing the visco-elastic properties of bitumens and its relation to routine test data.”J. Appl. Chem., 4, 221–236.
65.
Vinogradov, G. V., Isayev, A. I., Zolotarev, V. A., and Verebskaya, E. A.(1977). “Rheological properties of road bitumens.”Rheologica Acta, 16, 266–281.
66.
Wada, Y., and Hirose, H.(1960). “Glass transition phenomena and rheological properties of petroleum and asphalt.”J. Phys. Soc. of Japan, 15(10), 1885–1894.
67.
Ward, I. M.(1971). “Review: the yield behaviour of polymers.”J. Mat. Sci., 6, 1397–1417.
68.
Ward, I. M. (1983). Mechanical properties of solid polymers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
69.
Welborn, J. Y., and Halstead, W. J.(1959). “Properties of highway asphalts. I: 85-100 penetration grade.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 28, 242–279.
70.
Welborn, J. Y., Halstead, W. J., and Boone, J. G.(1960). “Properties of highway asphalts. II: Various grades.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 29, 216–245.
71.
Welborn, J. Y., Oglio, E. R., and Zenewitz, J. A.(1966). “A study of viscosity-graded asphalt cements.”Proc., Assn. of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 35, 19–60.
72.
Whiteoak. (1990). The shell bitumen handbook. Shell Bitumen, U.K.
73.
Williams, M. L., Landel, R. F., and Ferry, J. D.(1955). “The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids.”J. Am. Chemical Soc., 77, 3701–3707.
74.
Winniford, R. S. (1960). “The influence of asphalt composition on its rheology.”Papers on road and paving materials (bituminous); Spec. Tech. Publ. 294, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa.
75.
Winniford, R. S.(1963). “The evidence for association of asphaltenes in dilute solutions.”J. Inst. of Petr., 49(475), 215–221.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 9 • Issue 3 • August 1997
Pages: 117 - 129
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Aug 1, 1997
Published in print: Aug 1997
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.