TECHNICAL PAPERS
Feb 1, 1997

Performance of External Tiled-Wall Systems under Tropical Weathering

Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract

Concern about whether the tiling materials primarily developed in temperate countries would be durable enough under Singapore's tropical climate was raised after a series of falling-tile incidences. The Singapore building authority responded by launching a research project to review and investigate the entire process of external wall tiling. As part of this effort, a series of layered composite specimens were designed and fabricated by fixing different tiles on concrete slabs with various fixatives. These specimens were subjected to accelerated weathering tests after curing, then tested destructively with chosen yardsticks of pull-off and shear-off strengths, together with the critical displacement corresponding to the commencement of the tile's break off. The findings of these tests confirm that the materials and application methods, when followed according to specification, do not intrinsically cause the falling-tile problem, and the tropical climate of Singapore is also not particularly destructive to them.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (1992). “American national standard specifications for the installation of ceramic tile.”ANSI A-136, Tile Council of America, Inc., Princeton, N.J.
2.
Bernett, F. E.(1976). “Effect of moisture expansion of installed quarry tile.”J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 55(12), 1039–1042.
3.
Bowman, R. G. (1992). “Natural moisture expansion behaviour of typical Australian ceramic tiles.”Proc., AUSTCERAM 92 on Ceramics, Adding the Value, M. J. Bannister, ed., CSIRO Publications, Victoria, Australia, 1083–1088.
4.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (1989). “Code of practice for wall and floor tiling—workmanship on building sites.”BS 8000.11.1, London, England.
5.
British Standards Institution (BSI). (1992). “Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-surface tests.”BS 1881.207, London, England.
6.
Building Research Establishment (BRE). (1979). “Wall cladding: designing to minimise defects due to inaccuracies and movements.”Digest 223, Lancaster, England, (Mar.), 171–177.
7.
Davis, A., and Sims, D. (1983). Weathering of polymers. Elsevier Applied Science, London, England.
8.
Dean, Y. (1989). Finishes, 3rd Ed., Mitchell, London, England.
9.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (1993). “Ceramic tile adhesives: determination of tensile adhesion strength for cementitious adhesives.”TC 67/WG3 No. 133, Brussels, Belgium.
10.
Frohnsdorff, G., and Masters, L. W. (1980). “The meaning of durability and durability prediction.”Durability of building materials and components, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 17–30.
11.
Grossman, D. M. (1984). Correlation questions and answers. The Q-Panel Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
12.
Lee, S. L., Tam, C. T., Paramasivam, P., Mansur, M. A., Ong, K. C. G., and Loo, Y. H. (1987). “Some methods for durability testing of building components.”Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Durability of Build. Mat. and Components, Pergamon, Oxford, England, 848–857.
13.
Lucchini, A. (1991). “Models for the evaluation of the service life of building components.”Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Durability of Build. Mat. and Components, J. M. Baker, P. J. Nixon, A. J. Majundar, and H. Davies, eds., E&FN Spon, London, England, 615–624.
14.
Masters, L. W., and Wolfe, W. C. (1974). “The use of weather and climatological data in evaluating the durability of building components and materials.”NBS Technical Note 838, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Nat. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
15.
Naniwa, R., Takada, E., Hayashi, Y., and Matsuyama, M. (1993). “Analysis of differential movement for durability design of exterior building wall.”Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Durability of Build. Mat. and Components, E&FN Spon, London, England, 1363–1371.
16.
Nelson, W. (1990). Accelerated testing, statistical modes, tests plans and data analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
17.
Neville, A. M. (1971). “Hardened concrete: physical and mechanical aspects.”ACI Monograph No. 6, Am. Concrete Inst., Detroit, Mich.
18.
Ohama, Y., Demura, K., Nagao, H., and Ogi, T. (1986). “Adhesion of polymer-modified mortars to ordinary cement mortar by different test methods.”Proc., Adhesion between Polymers and Concrete, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, England, 697–706.
19.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1983). “New approaches to building materials.”Proc., 9th CIB Congr., Build. Mat. and Components, Conseil International de Batiment pour la Recherche, l'Etude et la Documentation, Stockholm, Sweden, 24–34.
20.
Ransom, W. H. (1987). “Chapter 8: Cladding.”Building failures, diagnosis and avoidance, E&FN Spon, New York, N.Y., 103–119.
21.
Rozenburg, G. V. (1966). Twilight, a study in atmospheric optics. R. B. Rodman, translator, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 11Issue 1February 1997
Pages: 24 - 34

History

Published online: Feb 1, 1997
Published in print: Feb 1997

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Will L. Guan, Member, ASCE,
Lect., School of Civ. and Struct. Engrg., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
J. Alum
Assoc. Prof., School of Civ. and Struct. Engrg., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
Z. J. Liu
Proj. Ofc., School of Civ. and Struct. Engrg., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
T. Yang
Grad. Res. Scholar, School of Civ. and Struct. Engrg., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share