TECHNICAL PAPERS
Jun 14, 2002

Berm Breakwaters: Stone Breaking Strength

Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 4

Abstract

The objective of the study reported in this paper was to develop a method by which to evaluate the suitability of quarried stones to withstand the impacts they will be subjected to when rolling on a reshaping berm breakwater. The investigation comprises a laboratory wave flume study to investigate the stone velocities, a field drop test study in two quarries at Årviksand and Hasvik to obtain information on the breaking strength of stones of different sizes, and an analytical and statistical combination of the results of the laboratory stone velocity investigation and the field drop tests. Stones of the same quality as those in the Årviksand and Hasvik quarries can be used for reshaped statically stable berm breakwaters (Ho<2.7) without an excessive (<∼5%) number of stones being broken.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Archetti, R., and Lamberti, A. (1999). “Stone movement and stresses during the reshaping of berm breakwaters.” Proc. COPEDEC’99, G. P. Mocke, ed., Creda Communications, Cape Town, South Africa, 1550–1561.
Chyan-Deng, J., and Jinn-Chyi, C.(1997). “Movements of spheres rolling down an inclined plane.” J. Hydraul. Res., 35(5), 689–706.
Construction Industry and Research and Information Association (CIRIA/CUR). (1991). “Manual for the use of rock in coastal and shoreline engineering.” CIRIA Spec. Publ. No. 83, CUR Rep. No. 154, London, U.K.
Digre, M. (1969). “Wet autogeneous grinding in tumbling mills.” Acta Polytech. Scand., 88.
European Community MAST II Berm Breakwater Structures. (1997). “Final report to the Commission of European Communities, Directorate General XII, Brussels, Belgium.” Contract No. MAS2-CT94-0087.
Frigaard, P. et al. (1996). “Stability of reshaping breakwaters with special reference to stone durability.” Proc., 25th Int. Conf., Coastal Enginnering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1640–1651.
Hertz, H. (1881). J. Math. (Crelle’s J.), 92 (see Timoshenko and Goodier 1970).
Holland, K. Todd, et al. (1997). “Practical use of video imagery in nearshore oceanographic field studies.” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 22(1), 81–92.
Krogh, S.(1980a). “Determination of crushing and grinding characteristics based on testing of single particles.” Trans. AIME, 266, 1957–1962.
Krogh, S.(1980b). “Crushing characteristics.” Powder Technol., 27, 71–181.
Krogh, S. (1999). “Energy model for crushing single particles.” Proc., Mineral Technology Conference, Swedish Mineral Processing Research Association, Stockholm, Sweden.
Latham, J.-P. and Gauss, G. A. (1995). “The drop test for armourstone integrity.” River, coastal and shoreline protection, E. R. Thorne, S. R. Apt, F. B. J. Bahrends, S. T. Maynord, and K. Pilarczyk, eds., Wiley, Chichester, 481–499.
Lissev, N. (1993). “Influence of core configuration on the stability of berm breakwaters.” Rep. No. R-6-93, Div. Structural Engineering, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Melchers, R. E. (1987). Structural reliability—Analysis and prediction, Ellis–Horwood, Chichester.
Menze, A. (2000). “Stability of multilayer berm breakwaters.” Diploma thesis, Univ. of Braunschweig, Germany, carried out at SINTEF/NTNU, Norway, under the supervision of A. Tørum.
Mikos, M., and Jaeggi, M. N. R.(1995). “Experiments on motion of sediment mixtures in a tumbling mill.” J. Hydraul. Res., 33, 751–772.
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD)–Oljedirektoratet. (1998). Forskrifter for bærende konstruksjoner i petroleumsindustrien (“Regulations for oil industry ocean structures”), Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger, Norway.
Ochi, M. (1990). Applied probability and stochastic processes in engineering and physical sciences, Wiley–Interscience, Chichester.
Timoshenko, S. P., and Goodier, J. N. (1970). Theory of elasticity, 3rd ed., McGraw–Hill, New York.
Timoshenko, S. P., and Young, D. H. (1951). Engineering mechanics, McGraw–Hill, New York.
Tørum, A. (1998). “On the stability of berm breakwaters in shallow and deep water.” Proc., 26th Int. Conf., Coastal Engineering, ASCE, 1435–1448.
Tørum, A., and Krogh, S. R. (2000). “Berm breakwaters—stone quality. SINTEF report to Norwegian Coast Directorate,” Rep. No. STF22 A00207.
Tørum, A. et al. (1999). “Design criteria and design procedures for berm breakwaters.” Proc., Coastal Structures’99, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 331–342.
van der Meer, J. W., and Veldman, J. J.(1992). “Singular points at berm breakwaters: Scale effects, rear, round head and longshore transport.” Coastal Eng., 17, 153–171.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 128Issue 4July 2002
Pages: 163 - 172

History

Received: Sep 26, 2000
Accepted: Feb 1, 2002
Published online: Jun 14, 2002
Published in print: Jul 2002

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Alf Tørum
Senior Scientist and Adjunct Professor Emeritus, SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
Stein R. Krogh
Senior Scientist and Adjunct Professor Emeritus, SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering, NTNU, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
Svein Fjeld
Adjunct Professor, NTNU and Director of Technology, Olav Olsen, Consulting Engineers, P.O.B. 139, 1325 Lysaker, Norway.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share