Scour under Submarine Pipelines in Waves in Shoaling Conditions
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 125, Issue 1
Abstract
Submarine pipelines, one of the most important subjects in coastal engineering, are widely used in coastal structures. In order to ensure these pipelines are stable and functional during their project life, attention must be paid to their design and coastal processes. In the design phase, the possibility of local scouring under submarine pipelines must be taken into consideration. If local scour occurs under the submarine pipelines, the pipelines may either vibrate due to the hydrodynamic forces or induce additional static or dynamic loads due to self-burial. Moreover, they might be destroyed partially or fully and thus be unable to perform their functions. This paper presents experimental investigations of scour depth with respect to water depth using regular waves. The investigations encompass shoaling region conditions. Results of the measurements of velocities and beach profiles are enlightening, both for understanding of the mutual interaction between the disturbed flow field around the pipe and the seabed morphology as well as in making predictions of scour depth around submarine pipelines. Based on the present experimental data, a new equation is proposed, relating the maximum equilibrium scour depth to the modified Ursell number for the live bed condition for a rigid pipe fixed initially in contact with the bed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Battjes, J. A. ( 1974). “Surf similarity.” Proc., 14th Int. Coast. Engrg. Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va., 446–480.
2.
Bijker, E. W. ( 1986). “Scour around structures.” Proc., 20th Coast. Engrg. of Conf., ASCE, Reston, Va. 1754–1768.
3.
Bijker, E. W., and Leeuwestein, W. ( 1984). “Interaction between pipelines and the seabed under the influence of waves and currents.” Seabed mechanics, B. Denness, ed., Graham and Trotman, Gettysburg, Md. 235–242.
4.
Bijker, E. W., Kalkwijk, J. P., and Pieters, T. ( 1974). “Mass transport in gravity waves.” Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, Reston, Va. 447–465.
5.
Chao, L., and Hennessy, D. V. ( 1972). “Local scour under ocean outfall pipelines.” J. Poll. Contr. Federation, 44, 1443–1447.
6.
Chiew, Y. M. (1990). “Mechanics of local scour around submarine pipelines.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 116(4), 515–529.
7.
Dean, R. G. ( 1991). “Equilibrium beach profiles: characteristics and applications.” J. Coast. Engrg., 7, 53–84.
8.
Fredsøe, J., Sümer, B. M., and Arnskov, M. M. ( 1992). “Time scale for wave/current scour below pipelines.” Int. J. Offshore and Polar Engrg., 2(1), 13–17.
9.
Hallermeier, R. J. (1984). “Wave cuts in sand slopes applied to coastal models.”J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast., and Oc. Engrg., 110(1), 34–49.
10.
Herbich, J. B. ( 1981). Offshore pipeline design elements. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
11.
Herbich, J. B., Schiller, R. E., Watanabe, R. K., and Dunlap, W. A. ( 1984). “Scour around pipelines.” Sea floor scour: design guidelines for ocean founded structures. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 203–210.
12.
İbrahim, A., and Nalluri, C. ( 1986). “Scour prediction around marine pipelines.” Proc., 5th Int. Symp. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., ASME, New York, 3, 679–684.
13.
Iwagaki, Y., Shiota, K., and Doi, H. ( 1982). “Shoaling and refraction coefficient of fine amplitude waves.” Coast. Engrg. in Japan, Tokyo, Japan, 25, 25–35.
14.
Jensen, B. L., Sümer, B. M., Jensen, H. R., and Fredsøe, J. ( 1990). “Flow around and forces on a pipeline near a scoured bed in steady stream.” J. Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., 112, 206–312.
15.
Kamphuis, J. W. ( 1991). “Wave transformation.” J. Coast. Engrg., 15, 173–184.
16.
Kjeldsen, S. P., Gjorsvik, C., Bringaker, K. G., and Jacobsen, J. ( 1973). “Local scour near offshore pipelines.” Proc., 2nd Int. Port and Oc. Engrg. under Arctic Conditions Conf., 308–331.
17.
Klomp, W. H. G., Hansen, E. A., Chen, Z., Bijker, R., and Bryndum, M. B. ( 1995). “Pipeline seabed interaction, free span development.” Proc., 5th Int. Offshore and Polar Engrg. Conf., Vol. 3, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Golden, Colo., 117–122.
18.
Kristiansen, ∅. ( 1988). “Current induced vibrations and scour of pipelines on a sand bottom,” PhD thesis, University of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.
19.
Kristiansen, ∅., and Tørum, A. ( 1989). “Interaction between current induced vibrations and scour of pipelines on a sandy bottom.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., ASME, New York, 167–174.
20.
Leeuwestein, W., Bijker, W., Peerbolte, E. B., and Wind, H. G. ( 1985). “The natural self-burial of submarine pipelines.” Conf. Behavior of Offshore Struct., 717–728.
21.
Le Méhaute, B., and Koh, R. C. Y. (1967). “On the breaking waves arriving at an angle to the shore.”J. Hydr. Res., 5(1), 67–88.
22.
Littlejohns, P. S. G. ( 1977). “A study of scour around submarine pipelines.” Rep. No. Int 113, Hydraulic Research Station, Wallingford, U.K.
23.
Lucassen, R. J. ( 1984). “Scour underneath submarine pipelines.” MATs Rep. PL-4 2A, Marine Tech. Res., The Netherlands.
24.
Mao, Y. ( 1986). “The interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed,” PhD thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
25.
Mao, Y. ( 1988). “Seabed scour under pipelines.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mech. and Arctic Engrg., ASME, New York, 5, 33–38.
26.
Novak, P., Moffat, A. I. B., Nalluri, C., and Narayanan, R. ( 1996). Hydraulic structures, 2nd Ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
27.
Saville Jr., T. ( 1957). “Scale effects in two-dimensional beach studies.” Proc., 7th Int. Assoc. for Hydr. Res. Congr., International Association for Hydraulics Research, Delft, The Netherlands, A3-1–A3-10.
28.
Shore protection manual. (1984). Coast. Engrg. Res. Ctr. Wtrwys. Experiment Station, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
29.
Singamsetti, S. R., and Wind, H. G. ( 1980). “Breaking wave characteristics of shoaling and breaking periodic waves normally incident to plane beaches constant slope.” Delft Hydr. Lab. Rep. M 1371, Delft Hydraulic Laboratory, Delft, The Netherlands.
30.
Sümer, B. M., and Fredsøe, J. (1990). “Scour below pipelines in waves.”J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast. and Oc. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 116(3), 307–323.
31.
Sümer, B. M., and Fredsøe, J. ( 1991). “Onset of scour below a pipeline exposed to waves.” Int. J. Offshore and Polar Engrg., 1(3), 189–194.
32.
Sümer, B. M., Jensen, R. H., Mao, Y., and Fredsøe, J. (1988). “Effect of lee-wake on scour below pipelines in current.”J. Wtrwy., Port, Coast. and Oc. Engrg., ASCE, 114(5), 599–614.
33.
Sunamura, T., and Horikawa, K. ( 1974). “Two-dimensional beach transformation due to waves.” Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Coast. Engrg., ASCE, Reston, Va., 920–938.
34.
Swift, R. H., and Dixon, J. C. ( 1987). “Transformation of regular waves.” Proc., Inst. Civil Engrg., Part 2, London, 83, 359–380.
35.
Van der Meer, J. W. ( 1988). “Rock slopes and gravel beach under wave attack,” PhD thesis, Delft University, Delft, The Netherlands.
36.
Yüksel, Y., Atlı, V., and Çevik, E. ( 1995). “Flow field along a flat surface with a parallel placed cylinder.” Proc., 5th Int. Offshore and Polar Engrg. Conf., International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Golden, Colo., 157–161.
37.
Yüksel, Y., Çevik, E., and Kapdaşlı, S. ( 1998). “Bed shear stress distribution over the beach profiles.” J. Coast. Res., 14(3), 1044–1053.
38.
Yüksel, Y., and Kapdaşlı, S. ( 1995). “Breaking waves plunging point and its effects.” Sediment transport mechanism in coastal environments and rivers. World Scientific Publishing, 150–170.
39.
Yüksel, Y., and Narayanan, R. ( 1994). “Wave forces on horizontal cylinder resting on sloping bottom.” Proc., 4th Int. Offshore and Polar Engrg. Conf., Vol. II, International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering, Golden, Colo., 85–92.
40.
Yüksel, Y., and Narayanan, R. ( 1993). “Breaking wave forces on horizontal cylinders close to the sea bed.” J. Coast. Engrg., 23, 115–133.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 125 • Issue 1 • January 1999
Pages: 9 - 19
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1999
Published in print: Jan 1999
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.